汉长安城给排水系统及其启示

Water Supply and Drainage System in Chang'an City in the Han Dynasty and its Revelation

给排水系统是古代城市发展的基础。相关考古资料和文献资料显示,汉长安城的给排水系统比较发达。其中,给水系统包括对地上水资源和地下水资源的应用,形成了能够覆盖整个城市范围的水系统。汉长安城发现了多处水井,但目前发掘的大部分水井均在宫殿、官署之内,而里坊和市场等人口稠密区域的水井尚不多见。汉长安城的排水系统由内而外,由小到大,网络清晰,层次分明,但仍存在一些缺陷。从目前考古资料来看,砖砌或陶制的排水管道主要分布于宫殿、官署等重要建筑内,并未全程铺设,这样就导致里坊、市场等区域生活污水的有效排泄无法保障,污水渗漏比较严重。汉代的给排水管理机构也存在明显缺失。

The water supply and drainage system is quite indispensable to the ancient city＇s development. Archaeological materials and document literature have shown that the water supply and drainage system was tomparatively advanced in Chang＇an City in the Han Dynasty. The water supply system adopted the use of both surface and groundwater, with the water system covering the whole Chang＇an City. Moreover, many wells were found, yet, most of which were excavated either outside the palace or inside the government offices, with few in the densely-populated residential areas and markets. The water supply and drainage system was laid out from inside to outside, from smaller ones to larger ones, with clear and well-distributed networks but also with some shortcomings. The existing archaeological materials revealed that either the bricked or earthen drainage pipelines were mainly distributed in such important buildings as palaces and government offices so that domestic sewage couldn＇t be effectively drained in the residential areas, resulting in serious leakage. Furthermore, the management organizations also failed to bear their relevant responsibilities.