经济赶超中的人力资本因素——基于国际经验比较

Human Capital Factors in Economic Catch- up——Based on the Comparison of International Experience

对日本、韩国、东南亚、拉美和东欧等主要国家的人力资本结构进行比较发现,成功赶超的国家在经济高速发展的同时,人力资本存量逐渐提高,同时人力资本结构也由低级向高级跃进。陷入中等收入陷阱或正在赶超的国家中等层次人力资本存在明显过于饱和并且高级人力资本积累不足的现象,同时其全要素生产率难以提升,甚至有所下降。人力资本梯度升级与产业结构演进密切相关,具有高存量高级人力资本的经济体在提高现代产业在国民经济部门中的比例方面成绩更为突出。相比较成功赶超的国家甚至正在赶超的新兴经济体,中国高层次人力资本不足和中等层次人力资本过于饱和的现象更加明显。借鉴日本和韩国政府人力资本的各项扶持政策。

By comparing the human capital structure of Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe and other countries, the author finds out that countries which successfully catch up in economy have high - speed economic development with human capital stock increased gradually, and the human capital structure has leaped from the low level to higher levels. The medium level human capital of the countries which are trapped in middle - income trap and are trying to catch -up in economy is over saturated, hut the accumulation of high level hu- man capital is insufficient. The total factor productivity of the countries is difficult to be improved or even declined. The gradient upgrade of human capital is closely related with the evolution of the industrial structure, and the economies with high inventory and high quantity of human capital is more outstanding in improving the proportion of modern industry in the national economy. Com- pared with the countries which have successfully catched -up in economy and the catching -up e- merging economies, it is more significant that China has insufficient high level human capital and over saturated medium level human capital. By borrowing the lessons from Japan and the South Korean governments in various supporting policies of the human capital, the paper argues that it is a must for China to get over the middle level income trap and achieve successful economic catch - up by improving investment in education and make full use of it, especially higher education.