海洋中微塑料的来源、分布及生态环境影响研究进展

The Research Progress in Source,Distribution,Ecological and Environmental Effects of Marine Microplastics

微塑料(粒径<5mm的塑料)作为海洋环境中一类新型污染物正受到越来越多的关注。我们从微塑料来源、分布和生态影响等方面总结分析了近年来海洋微塑料研究的进展。结果表明,海洋中的微塑料主要来源于在阳光、风浪和海流等作用下的海上塑料垃圾的分解,陆源塑料垃圾输入、海上船只塑料垃圾的丢弃、水产养殖业漂浮装置的废弃等是海洋中塑料垃圾的主要来源。海洋微塑料分布呈全球化趋势,近岸、大洋、深海和极地都有微塑料的存在,已有研究表明深海是微塑料的主要汇集区。微塑料不但会影响藻类的光合作用,还会影响一些海洋生物的产卵量和繁殖能力,甚至会引起某些海洋生物的营养不良甚至死亡;微塑料自身含有和表面富集的污染物会在水动力作用下影响污染物的全球分布并对海洋生物产生复合毒性影响。为减少海洋塑料垃圾,控制海洋微塑料污染并为污染防治提供支撑,保护海洋环境安全和人类健康,今后的研究方向将主要包括:不同粒径微塑料的快速分离和在线鉴别方法的建立;水动力对微塑料全球迁移变化的影响;微塑料复合毒性对海洋生态环境的污染效应及机制;管理和技术体系以及相关政策法规的制定等。

As a new type of pollutant,microplastics（plastics with a size smaller than 5mm）has received an increasing concern.This paper summarizes the research progress in microplastics from the aspects of the source,distribution,and ecological and environmental effects.Studies show that the microplastics in the ocean basically come from the fragmented or degraded plastic litter under the action of sunlight,wind,wave and ocean currents.Terrestrial input,plastic trash from the ship and abandoned aquaculture floating devices are the main sources of marine plastic litter.Marine microplastics are globally distributed and have been found in the coastal area,oceans,deep sea and polar regions.The deep sea is the sink for microplastics.Microplastics can affect both the photosynthesis of marine algae and the hatching and reproduction of certain marine organisms.They can lead to the malnutrition and even to the death of some marine organisms.The pollutants carried by the microplastics or attached on its surface can be brought into global distribution under the action of ocean currents,causing a complex toxicity to the marine organisms.In order to decrease marine plastic litter,control marine microplastics pollution,support pollution prevention and protect marine environmental safety and human health,the future research will focus on the following areas：the quick separation and fast on-line identification of microplastics,the effects of ocean currents on global transportation of microplastics,the effects and mechanism of complex toxicity of microplastics on marine environment,the establishment of management and technology system,and related policies and regulations.