论康德对机械论自然观的超越

How Kant Transcends the Mechanical View of Nature

康德在18世纪自然科学机械论占统治地位的大背景下,提出了超越机械论的几种方案。第一种是撇开机械论所占据的认识领域而到实践领域中去另起炉灶,在现象和自在之物、理论和实践之间做出绝对的划分;第二种是对经验对象进行反思性的判断力的主观重建,在自然的形式合目的性中发现人的情感能力的先天原则,揭示其中美和崇高的意义;第三种是将反思性的判断力转用于对有机体的整体把握,将机械论的法则作为手段用来为有机体的内在目的服务;第四种则是通过对有机体的外在目的的推导而设定一个自然内在的最后目的,这就是人和人的文化,并在这一更高层次上将人与人的机械关系(暴力冲突等)纳入到合乎道德目的的公民法治社会秩序之下,由此走向上帝和至善的终极目的。这四种方案每种都在超越机械论的道路上向前跨进了一小步,都不到位,但却为后人(如谢林、黑格尔和胡塞尔)真正超越机械论的局限性打开了一扇窗户。

Within the 18th century＇ s dominant intellectual atmosphere of mechanical view of nature in natural sciences, Kant suggests several approaches to transcend meehanicalism. Kant＇ s first approach is to put aside the cognitive area, which is ruled by meehanicalism, and build up the practical territory driven by alter- native laws, by making an absolute distinction between phenomenon and thing in itself, cognition and prac- tice. The second approach is to reconstruct the empirical objects by reflective judgement and it aims to locate the principles a priori of human feelings. By doing this, the significance of beauty and sublime is revealed. The third approach is to apprehend the organics as a whole by reflective judgment and consequently interpret the mechanical laws as means to serve the internal purposes of the organics. To set up an internal and final purpose for nature by inferring and expanding the external purposes of the organics, namely, human being it- self and human culture, constitutes the fourth and last approach. In this approach, the mechanical relations between men （ violence, conflict, etc. ） would be included into the civil order of constitution which fulfills the moral end and finally led to the ultimate divine purpose of the highest good. Every approach provided by Kant goes a little further on the road to transcend meehanieilism and opens a door for his successors （ Sehelling, He- gel, Husserl, etc. ） to transcend mechanicalism thoroughly.