《淮南子》论“越王句践”及其黄老道家意旨——兼以汉代诸子“越王句践”观为参照

The King Goujian from the Book Huainanzi,a Huang-lao Taoism perspective,Compared to the Multi-Dimensional Han Dynasty Understandings of the King

"越王句践"是春秋时期越国最为著名的国君,一生充满传奇色彩,特别是其通过卧薪尝胆、艰苦奋斗,最终反败为胜,灭吴称霸的历史事件,使之成为先秦政治史上忍辱负重、转变祸福的君主典范。在汉代著作中,《淮南子》论及越王句践较多,而且着重从道家立场出发,对其进行黄老化的思想诠解。从史家、儒家及法家等不同立场出发,汉代诸子对越王句践也有着各具特色的历史认识,但其理论内涵与《淮南子》有所差异。汉人关于越王句践的多维认识和评议,对中国传统政治文化中"越王句践"形象的历史演变与定型,具有重要的推进作用。

Goujian, the king of Yue, who was the most famous king in the Spring and Autumn period, led a legendary life. Through arduous struggle, he finally converted defeat into victory, destroyed the State of Wu and dominated the kingdoms. He was the model of the monarchs in the pre-Qin political history, for he endured humiliation in order to carry out an important task and transformed the disaster into fortune. In the books of the Han Dynasty, Huainanzi wrote a lot about Goujian, emphatically from the Taoist standpoint. The historians ,Confucianists and legalists in the Han Dynasty had distinctive views on King Goujian, and their theoretical base was different from that of Huainanzi. Chinese multi-dimensional understandings and the comments about king Goujian in the Han Dynasty promoted the historical understandings of the image of Goujian in Chinese traditional political culture.