思考与界定:“反乌托邦”“恶托邦”小说名实之辨

The Distinction between Anti-Utopian Fiction and Dystopian Fiction

"乌托邦"小说以及与其关联极深的"恶托邦""反乌托邦"小说等,并非不言自明的术语。学界对dystopia、anti-utopia等语的理解、界定各异,而其汉语译名"恶托邦""反乌托邦"等则往往相互混同。细辨之,"恶托邦"对应于dystopia,"反乌托邦"则对应于anti-utopia,"恶托邦"为"反乌托邦"的上级概念。"反乌托邦"小说是以"乌托邦"为潜文本,将对其之"反"作为立足点的一种叙事文学,即"反乌托邦"以"乌托邦"作为其隐而含之的前提,通过推演、戏拟,描绘乌托邦构想进入实践之后可能造就的黑暗世界,并通过对此种世界的渲染,表现了对"乌托邦"的拒绝。

The terms of utopian fiction, anti-utopian fiction and dystopian fiction are not self-explanatory.The definitions of dystopia and anti-utopia vary between different scholars. Meanwhile, the translations of those terms such as etuobang（＂恶托邦＂）,fan-wutuobang（＂反乌托邦＂） are confusing as well. This paper tries to explain the reason why dystopia is parallel to etuobang, anti-utopia is parallel to fan-wutuobang and anti-utopia is covered by dystopia. The anti-utopian fiction roots in the doubt of establishing a perfect utopian world. Based on the utopian subtext, it parodies utopia and describes hellish societies which expresses the authors＇ rejection of utopia.