水资源利用发展路径构建及应用

Building and Application of Water Resources Use Development Path

文章基于水资源利用与经济和社会发展关系的认识,应用不同国家和地区数据构建了水资源利用发展路径,并以此为依据评价了中国1980—2014年水资源利用发展过程和大陆各省1993、2000和2011年水资源利用水平。水资源利用呈现阶段性特点,在经济发展从低收入向中低收入、中高收入和高收入的发展过程中,农业用水比重从极高下降到较低水平,人均生活用水量逐步增加,单位工业用水量显著下降,水生产效益显著提高,供水人口实现全覆盖。中国水资源利用发展过程受经济和社会发展影响明显,工业用水比重过大,人均生活用水量偏低,并滞后于经济发展。各省水资源利用呈现显著差异,但滞后于经济发展的省份占大多数。

The paper, based on relationship between water resources use and socio- economic development, develops the water resources use development path by applying water use data from different economic entities; and applies the established path to assess the water resources use development processes since 1980 for China and its provinces.The water use development process has a clear path. The path can be explained by water indicators including water use structure, water productivity, domestic water use per capita, water use per GDP, water use per industrial value- added, and population ratio access to clean water supply. These indicators display changes of the economic development of different economic entities from low income, lower middle income and upper middle income to high income.During this development process, the agricultural water use percentage decreases grammatically from more than 90% to about 40%; the domestic water use per capita increases gradually from80 L/d to 380 L/d; the water use per industrial value- added decreases significantly; the water productivity increases greatly from less than 2 $/m^3 to more than 30 $/m^3; and it realizes full population coverage of clean water supply.Although on the same development way with those international economies, there exist biases of some water use development indicators in China since 1980 resulted from the unbalanced social and economic development. More secondary industries and lagged development of urbanization and tertiary industry caused higher industrial water use and lower domestic water use per capita. Therefore, the water use development in China is behind the economic development in general.The provinces demonstrate significant regional differences. There are more provinces with water use development lagging behind economic development. The water use data in 1993,2000 and 2011 show that the provinces with water use development lagging behind economic development are suffered from lower water use, lower domestic water use per capita, and/or lower water productivity. Beijing is the only province that the water use development goes ahead the social and economic development all the time. Therefore, the key task for water sector in China is to make the development of water use catch up with the economic development.