明代设置的军民指挥使司考论

A Study Of Military and Civilian Wei In Ming Dynasty

军民指挥使司是明代设置于西部边疆和民族地区的一种特殊行政建置,其创制并大规模实施于洪武年间。"军卫牧民"是制度设计的初衷,而民户数量是设置与否的根本指标,少数民族地区仅是外在表现形式。军民指挥使司管理体制有利于减轻百姓负担、安抚和教化地方、沟通中央与地方的关系;但因明中后期世袭武官体制的腐化、人口的增殖等因素,军民指挥使司亦逐步失去了管理地方的活力,在明中后期、清前期渐次由流官充任的府(州、县、厅)等建置所取代。

Military and Civilian Wei（军 民 指 挥 使 司）was a special administration in the west frontier and minority areas in Ming dynasty,which was created and implemented in Hongwu（洪武）period.The Military and civilian Weis were designed to build the system of Wei（卫指挥使司）supervising the common people,so the number of households was the key of setting up and the minority areas were the only external form.The system had a lot of benefits,such as eased the burden of the people,appeased and educated the local,communicated the relationship between the central and local.Although,with the corruption of the hereditary military system and population growth,Military and Civilian Weis gradually lost the vitality of the management of local,which were replaced by civil administration departments in the late Ming Dynasty and the early stage of the Qing Dynasty.