希腊城邦时代的车马竞技

The Horse and Chariot Races of Greece in the Age of the Polis

在古代希腊,车马比赛与裸体比赛并重,是四大泛希腊竞技会上的传统竞技项目,在希腊公众体育生活中具有广泛和持久的影响力。经由对古代希腊作品《论马术》《论马队》《竞技会冠军颂》和《希腊游记》及传说、史诗与壁画和瓶画图像等多形态一手史料的分析,参照考古发掘成果,重点再现了公元前5世纪前后奥林匹亚竞技会车马竞技的场地结构与部分设施的功能,推知了车马起跑、折返与颁奖的规则,梳理了泛希腊竞技会车马赛冠军的名录,概括了城邦时代希腊车马竞技的历史特征。结果表明,车马竞技是一项惊险刺激、耗资昂贵的竞技,只能由希腊贵族阶层专享。城邦精英借用大型赛会车马竞技的夺冠,炫耀自身的实力,求取政治活动的资本。

Like the traditional nude races,horse and chariot races were another main athletic event during the four Panhellenic festivals,and had an extensive and long-lasting impact on ancient Greek sports history.The article examines various original historical sources,e.g.Xenophon＇s On Horsemanship,Isocrates＇ The Team of Horses,Pindar＇s Odes,Pausanias＇ Description of Greece,as well as legendary stories in Homer＇s epic,paintings on stones and vases,combining them with the latest Olympic archeology reports,that reconstructed the competition ground structure and functions of some equipments in Olympia for the 5th century BC,the racing rules for starting,turning-back and prize-giving.Together with the reconstruction of the victory list of Panhellenic horse and chariot races,all sources reveal the event＇s historical trends in the Age of the polis.As the dangerous and expensive athletic event,horse and chariot races were the privilege of Greek nobles and eminent persons,whose depiction of victory in horses and chariots competitions sometimes pointed to an all-around personal power and a political interest besides and beyond the public sports.