阶层自我定位、收入不平等和主观流动感知(2003-2013)

Social Class Self-positioning,Income Inequality and Subjective Perceptions of Mobility(2003-2013)

基于2003—2013年10年间中国社会状况综合调查(CSS)和中国综合社会调查(CGSS)9万多城乡居民样本,剖析中国人阶层自我定位的结构特征和影响因素。研究发现,10年来中国人的阶层自我定位稳定地呈保龄球状:"低位认同"者占据调查对象大半,且这一比例明显高于大多数国家。在个体层面,10年间教育、收入和职业等客观指标对阶层自我定位的净效应较小且逐渐弱化;主观流动感知与阶层自我定位的关联较强,但这10年中"向上流动感"的拉动作用有所降低。在宏观层面,经济增长速度并不能提升阶层自我定位,而收入不平等对阶层定位具有明显的负面效应。研究结果进一步揭示了社会转型期抑制收入差异和扩大流动机会对于提升公众"获得感"的重要意义。

Using a sample of over 90,000 urban and rural residents from the Chinese Social Survey(CSS)and China General Social Survey(CGSS)for 2003 to 2013,we analyzed the structural character and influencing factors underlying Chinese social class self-positioning.Our findings indicate that over the past decade,such self-positioning has consistently assumed the shape of a bowling pin:Those who identify with a low position account for more than half of respondents,a higher proportion than in most countries.At the individual level,the net effect on self-positioning of such objective indicators as education,income and occupation has been smaller and has gradually weakened over the past 10 years.The correlation between subjective perceptions of mobility and social class self-positioning has grown stronger,but the role of'perceptions of upward mobility'weakened over the period.At the macrolevel,the tempo of economic growth has failed to raise the level of self-positioning,and the effect of income inequality has been markedly negative.Our research findings further demonstrate the degree to which curbing the income gap and increasing mobility opportunities are important for increasing the public's 'sense of benefit'during the period of social transformation.