从出土佛教题材汉画看东汉宗教生态格局的变迁

On the Change of Religious Ecological Pattern Based on Unearthed Buddhist Paintings of Eastern Han Dynasty

传统宗教生态在东汉年间发生了巨大改变,形成了一个以佛教为特征的新型宗教生态。出土佛教题材汉画(汉代画像石、画像砖、墓室壁画、铜镜、碑刻等的合称)几乎同步记录了这一变迁过程。从佛教汉画来看,东汉宗教生态的这种改变是当时宗教系统的总体态势、层次结构、表现形式和内外关系诸多因素互动的结果。在东汉特殊的政治文化背景下,虽然传统宗教生态的构成基础、条件及其性质跟佛教文化之间存在尖锐的矛盾,构成了佛教入华拓展空间的严重障碍,但讲求慈悲为怀的佛教在本质上跟儒教的仁和之道和道家的虚静之理又有共通之处。东汉末年日趋严重的社会危机摧毁了传统宗教生态中主体信仰的制度支持和祖先、自然崇拜的社会基础,政治统治和农民造反严重打击了宗族势力和深刻改变了社会结构,不期然地为佛教的传播与发展消除了屏障、扫平了道路,并为东汉政主教从、兼容互补、多元通和、相依相扶这一宗教生态的形成夯实了台基。佛教汉画视野宏阔,立意高远,其吐纳驰辩为我们考察东汉宗教生态提供了不可多得的珍贵资料,具有极高的学术价值。

The traditional religious ecology changed greatly in the Eastern Han Dynasty.The new religious ecology formed thereafter had obvious Buddhist characteristics.Unearthed Han paintings with Buddhist themes（which includes stone reliefs,brick reliefs,tomb murals,bronze mirrors,inscriptions,etc）almost recorded simultaneously this process.According to Buddhism paintings of the Han Dynasty,this change resulted from conflict and blending of plenty factors at that time：the overall situation,hierarchical structure,form of expression,and internal and external relationship of the religious system.Under special political and cultural background in the Eastern Han Dynasty,a sharp contradiction existed between Buddhist culture and traditional religious constitution foundation,which formed a serious obstacle for the spread of Buddhism in China.However,there is commonality between the leniency doctrine of Buddhism and the Renhe（benevolence and harmony）ideology of Confucianism as well as the Xujing（emptiness and quiescence）principle of Taoism.At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty,the increasingly serious social crisis destroyed the system support of traditional religion and the social foundation of ancestor,nature worship.Political reign and peasant revolt stroke the clan force and changed profoundly the social structure.All these conditions eliminated the barriers for the spread of Buddhism.Also,this helped the formation of a compatible,complementary and multi-variant religious ecology where politics centers with religion as a supplement.Buddhist paintings of the Han Dynasty are set on a high vision,and provide rare and valuable materials for studying Han religious ecology,which is of high academic value.