放血疗法与政体健康:体液理论中的莎士比亚罗马复仇剧

Bloodletting Therapy and Healthy Regime:On Shakespearean Roman Revenge Plays

一直以来,学界主要研究莎士比亚罗马复仇剧中的复仇动机和种族伦理,忽视剧中频繁使用的体液修辞。从古典医学的体液理论出发,发现这些复仇剧中将军被暗杀或女儿遭皇室强暴意味着纯净血液被敌人的败血所玷污。考虑到人体与政体的对应和托勒密宇宙观、新柏拉图范式强调大小宇宙的类比,过剩体液污染将军家族时,必定感染到整个罗马帝国,他们必须向皇室或元老院复仇"放血",从而让罗马恢复健康。剧中罗马患病暗含莎士比亚对英国道德现状的焦虑,罗马康复表达伊丽莎白国民克服社会问题以重建大英帝国的理想。

For a long time, motives for revenge and ethnical ethics have been the focus of the Shakespearean Roman revenge plays studies, while the frequently used humoral rhetoric has been neglected. In light of contemporary humoral theory, the scene where the general is assassinated or his daughter is raped means that their pure blood is polluted by the sepsis of the enemy. Considering the correspondence between human body and body politics and the analogy between macrocosm and microcosm from Ptolemy cosmology and neo-Platonism, while the sepsis pollutes the general＇s family, it infects the whole Roman Empire, so the revenge upon the royal family or on the senate have to be taken for the recovery of Roman Empire. The diseased Rome suggests Shakespeare＇s anxiety on British society in terms of its moral situations, and Rome＇s rehabilitation expresses Elizabethans＇ ideal of solving social problems and re-establishing Great Britain.