儒家建构士人劳动伦理的策略与历史考量

The Confucian Strategy Constructing the Scholar-Officials' Labor Ethics and Its Historical Consideration

先秦儒家运用"名分论",将劳动的自然分工"伦理化",终为中国传统士人搭建起一种脱离田间生产的劳动价值理论;后世儒家又运用文字学的改写策略,分离"劳""思",在汉字文化体系中进一步完善了士人劳动伦理的话语系统和概念范畴。同时,墨家以劳动为本位的积极性劳动伦理的式微,佛、道两家对于劳动和农业的消极态度,也都将中国士人推置劳动场域之外。相较于新教伦理对于西方近代劳动精神的再建,传统中国士人的劳动伦理迄于近代"儒商"的出现,亦稍见转机。但是,在"士道"(非正式制度层面)和王权政治(正式制度层面)的长期规定下,儒家不健全的劳动伦理已成功支持并鼓励了"君子固穷"的财富理念和"守穷"的行为选择。检讨传统士人的劳动伦理,也是应对马克思主义劳动价值理论"修正风"的一个极好警醒。

The pre-Qin Confucian School, by using the theory of ＂Birthright＂, made the labor division of natural ＂Ethics＂, which finally set up a kind of Chinese traditional intellectuals from the labor value theory of the field production; the later Confucian school by using the rewrite strategy, separated the ＂Philology＂, and ＂Labor＂ in the Chinese character culture system, which further improved labor ethics discourse system and concept category of the philistines. At the same time, the Mohist School turned the decline of the enthusiasm of labor as the standard labor ethics. The negative attitude of labor and agriculture in the Buddha, Tao also was the reason that pushing Chinese labor outside the field. Compared with Protestant ethic to rebuild the spirit of labor in modern western, the traditional Chinese Labor ethics also emerged as modern ＂Intellectual Businessman＂. However, in the ＂Tao＂ （informal institution） and political （formal system） under the long-term, unsound labor Confucian ethics has been successfully supported and encourage the ＂wealth concept of ＂the gentleman is poor＂ and ＂poor＂ behavior choice. Reviewing of traditional ethics of labor is also an extremely good alert to deal with Marxist labor value theory.