调整或确权:农村土地制度的公平与效率如何实现?——基于山东省L村的调查研究

Between Reallocation and Right's Confirmation: How to Achieve Equity and Efficiency in Rural Land System?——A Case Study on L Village in North Central Shandong Province

文章分析了中国农村的土地调整与土地确权之间的矛盾,并在此基础上探讨农村土地制度公平与效率的实现路径。通过案例分析和比较研究发现,农村土地调整得以实现是村民的公平伦理、村庄的老龄化和非农化、基层政府的模糊态度以及农民获得土地的方式等多种因素综合作用的结果。通过土地调整把土地集中流转出去,能够实现一定程度的规模经营,这是对通过土地确权实现规模经营进而提高效率之方案的替代,而后者在农村面临公平性的巨大考验。应该看到,在当前新型城镇化的背景下,现有的土地调整模式在公平性方面仍然存在问题。因此,通过土地调整实现土地集中流转,并建立起农村承包地的退出机制,能够在农村土地制度方面实现公平与效率的平衡,从而促进城乡协调发展。本研究强调在农村土地制度问题上不能只关注效率而忽视公平,这对当前的政策和研究领域都有重要意义。

The objective of this paper is to analyze the contradictions between land reallocation and land right's confirmation in rural China and on this basis, to explore the approches of achieving equity and efficiency in rural land system. Through case analysis and comparative study, we can find that the achievement of rural land reallocation is a result of comprehensive effect of various factors including the villagers' fair ethics, the village's aging and de-agriculturalization, local government's vague attitude and the way by which peasants got the land. After land reallocation, the village can centralize and transfer the contracted land of peasants who do not want to farm, so as to accomplish a certain degree of scale operation. This method is an alternative to achieving the scale operation and improving efficiency by land right's confirmation, while the latter faces huge challenge about equity in rural areas. It should be seen that, in the context of current new urbanization, there are still some equity problems in such land reallocation model. Consequently, through land reallocation and land centralized transfer, and setting up the exit mechanism for rural contracted land, a balance between equity and efficiency in rural land system can be achieved, so as to promote the coordinated development between urban and rural areas. This study emphasizes that we can not only focus on efficiency and ignore the issue of fairness in rural land system, which is of great significance to the current policy and research fields.