心脏地带、帝国威望与意识形态——中国地缘战略传统及其效应

Heartland,Prestige,and Ideology:Chinese Geostrategic Tradition and its Effect

中国具有极为丰富的地缘战略理论与实践传统。在旧王朝崩溃的大混乱中,中国的地缘战略传统主要体现为众多的权力竞争者对通过寻找、占领和开发具有地缘政治优势的领土空间以实现争霸天下目标的论述及实践。为应对外来军事挑战,中国的地缘战略传统有进攻战略(以领土控制为目的的军事远征)和防御战略(利用地理实施总体防御)之分。在塑造周边安全环境过程中,中国的地缘战略体现为综合使用各种手段来维系帝国威望、营造势力范围和塑造国际秩序(朝贡体系)。而"反地缘政治"传统的存在也使得意识形态因素长期以来对中国对外战略实践影响颇深。中国地缘战略传统的启示意义主要包括:第一,必须高度重视国内秩序的稳定;第二,构筑周边安全环境必须重视硬、软手段的平衡应用;第三,塑造有利的国际环境必须重视对中国价值文化的弘扬和推广。

Distinct geostrategic theories and practices demonstrate an identifiable geostrategic tradition in Chinese history.In the eras of turmoil and disorder following the collapse of previous dynasties,Chinese geostrategic tradition concerns taking advantage of heartland,the most strategically important territories of China,in order to help certain warlords to establish hegemony and finally,a new dynasty.In the face of external nomadic threats,launching preventive strikes and defending by advantageous terrains constitute the main theme of Chinese foreign geostrategy.In the process of shaping a security environment,Chinese geostrategic tradition focuses on cementing the prestige of the empire,creating a sphere of influence,and establishing a tributary system in East Asia.Meanwhile,'anti-geopolitical' traditions constantly influence Chinese foreign strategy.The enlightening significance of Chinese geostrategic traditions is that internal political and social order should be equally emphasized; a combination of hard and soft power should be used in preserving a secure periphery; and Chinese traditional value and culture should be well applied in foreign strategy.