“丁戊奇荒”背景下的山西生态系统剧变及社会影响

The Drastic Changes of the Ecosystem and the Social Impact in Shanxi Province under Ding-wu Disaster Background

光绪初年的特大干旱使山西及中国北方多个地区的生态系统发生了一次剧变,剧变过程中相继开始出现以下变化:第一,自然和半自然生态系统遭受破坏;第二,以人为主体的消费者大量死亡;第三,分解者异常增多,致疫微生物横行导致瘟疫流行。以上三方面变化以及此次生态演变的特殊性显示生态系统出现剧变。夏季风活动异常减弱引起的极端干旱气候是造成生态系统剧变的根本原因。人作为特殊消费者,又是当时消费者的主体,其极端生存行为使生态剧变程度加深。生态剧变的社会影响主要表现为经济、管理、道德法律等多方面社会秩序紊乱,还包括劳动力短缺、救灾压力大等社会多方面的变化。灾后人工、半自然生态系统恢复较快,自然生态系统恢复缓慢。

In the early Guangxu years, in shanxi and other multiple locations of northern China, severe drought led to a event of drastic changes of the ecosystem. In the process of dramatic changes in the ecosystem, the following changes begin to appear in order. First, the destruction of natural and semi-natural ecosystems; second, the death of many consumers of human beings as the main body; third, the abnormal increase of the decomposition, the epidemic of the microbes of the disease led to plague, the change of three aspects and the particularity of this ecological evolution displayed the dras- tic changes of the ecosystem. Extreme arid climatic events caused by the summer monsoon abnormal weakening was the the fundamental cause of the drastic changes of the ecosystem. As a special consum- ers, but also the main consume at that time, the extreme survival behavior of people causes the deepen- ing degree of ecological collapse. The social impact of the drastic changes of the ecosystem is multifac- eted, such as, the disorder of the social order, economic order, management order, moral and legal or- der, and also including labor shortages, great relief pressure, etc. After the disaster, the artificial and semi-natural ecosystems recovered rapidly, and the natural ecosystems recovered slowly.