论康德道德原则的实践与宗教信仰的关系

On the Relationship between Practice of Kant's Moral Principles and Religious Beliefs

康德道德原则的实践与宗教信仰有着密切的联系。由于人的有限性、双重存在者的身份以及道德法则对动机要求的纯粹性,人在现世几乎不可能做到完全只出于对道德法则的敬重而履行义务,而如果人们出于义务行动,就可以获得至善,所以,在现世人们无法实现至善,因此,康德通过宗教信仰试图解决这一问题。道德原则的实践与宗教信仰的关系,首先表现在出于对道德法则敬重的动机而行动的义务中。因为道德法则是先验理念,康德借助对上帝的信仰使人对道德法则产生敬重之情,从而信仰它的存在。其次,至善作为纯粹实践理性的必然对象和终极目的,在现世无法实现,只有在理智世界中即天国中才能实现。上帝是一个全善全能的被赋予了人性的理性存在者。通过预设灵魂不死和上帝的存在,康德给人永恒追求至善的希望,只有按照道德法则而行动才能配享幸福。最后,康德的宗教信仰与他的自律观是一致的,人的自由、人身中的人性和道德本身才是真正有价值的和神圣的,上帝只是一个理念型相,并不能取代人的主体性地位。

The practice of Kant＇s moral principles is closely related with religion. Due to people＇s limitations, the existence of the dual identity and the necessary purified motivation for moral principles, it is almost impossible for people in this world to perform obligations totally out of respect only for moral principles. And if people take action voluntarily, they can get to the supreme good, which people in the world cannot achieve. Therefore, Kant tries to solve the problem by religious belief. The relationship between the practice of the moral principles and religious beliefs is firstly performed in obligations of actions out of the respect to the laws of the moral principles. Because the moral principles are transcendental philosophy, Kant makes people respect for moral law with faith in god, and believe its existence. Secondly, as objective of pure practice and the ultimate purpose, the supreme good cannot be achieved in this world but in a rational world, namely the kingdom of heaven. God is a good all almighty endowed with human＇s rational existence. By presupposing the existence of ghost and god, Kant gives a person the good hope for eternal pursuit： happiness can only be obtained by taking actions according to the moral principles. Finally, Kant＇s religious beliefs are consistent with his self-discipline view： The human nature, human freedom, and personal morality itself are the real valuable and holy things. God is just a form of concept, and cannot replace human＇s principal status.