从“良心的守护者”到“被监控者”:新媒体时代美国调查记者的生存困境

From "the Custodians of Conscience" to "the Supervisee" : Survival Predicament of American Investigative Journalists in New Media Era

以"良心的守护者"为己任的美国调查记者,曾对美国社会的民主进程做出了重要贡献,并以新闻专业主义精神为美国乃至全球新闻界树立了职业标准。但进入新媒体时代,美国调查记者陷入生存困境乃至生存危机:互联网技术对传统媒体的冲击,导致调查记者失去职业活动的主要依附;美国国家信息安全政策的调整,以及由此带来的政府与传媒关系的变化,导致调查记者沦为政府实施电子监控的对象;调查记者赖以生存的新闻源持续减少,但所在媒体提供的支持和应对措施不足。如何超越生存困境,实现角色期待,是美国调查性报道行业和全球新闻界共同面对的议题。

American investigative journalists have played a great role in promoting the process of democracy, and have built up the professional standards for all the journalists in the world. But in the era of new media, American investigative journalists are confronted with survival predicament or crisis. Firstly, under the impact of Internet technology to the traditional media, investigative journalists have lost the field of occupational activities. Secondly, as a result of the adjustment of the national information security policies and the changes in the relationship between American government and media, investigative journalists are on a list of electronic monitoring. Thirdly, media dose not offered enough supports for the reducing of news resources. It is critical for American and the global journalism to solve the problems above.