裴斯泰洛齐的教育图景--从《林哈德和葛笃德》切入

Pestalozzi's Educational Image:Approaching from Lienhard und Gertrud

18世纪,伴随着巨大的社会变迁,瑞士德语区陷入乡村败坏、革命酝酿、观念盛行的整体性危机,当时的文法教育不仅没有改变现实困境,反而促进了观念化上层统治者和愚昧化下层民众的对立。细致考察此整体性危机的历史根源和结构条件之后,教育家裴斯泰洛齐将之形象地融汇在《林哈德和葛笃德》一书中,整体刻画了一个普通乡村的变迁。他认为唯有通过革新教育理念,推行以手工劳动为职业训练、以感觉印象为作用机制、以数形名为教学体系、以心手脑结合为培养方式、以母爱父道为人性基点的教学改革,通过智识教育、行动教育、道德教育、宗教教育齐头并进,才能塑造新人,帮助贫民,挽救危机。

In the eighteenth century,with great social transformations,the Swiss German-speaking region fell into the general crisis of deprecation in rural areas,growing revolutions,and prevalence of ideologies.At that time,ideoiogized grammatical education did not change the current dilemma,but rather prompted the hostility between the ideoiogized rulers from the upper class and the stupefied demos from the lower class.However,the educator John Heinrich Pestalozzi(1746—1827),based on his close examination of the historical origin and structural conditions of this general crisis,vividly integrated this crisis in his Lienhard und Gertrud.The book holistically depicts social changes occurred in a normal village in the late eighteenthcentury German-speaking area.From this Pestalozzi recognized that education could be made possible only by means of reforming educational beliefs and implementing such with respect to professional training based on manual work,functioning organism based on sensual impressions,educational system based on numbers,forms,and name,methods based on the collaboration of heart,hands,and mind,and humanistic origins based on maternal affection and paternal government.Further,only by combining intellectual,practical,moral,and religious educations could one help the poor,cultivate new beings,and solve crises.