肝胆胰外科新理念与新技术

New concepts and techniques of hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery

外科手术是治疗肝胆胰肿瘤最有效和首选的方法,减少手术出血量、提高手术安全性、简化手术操作、降低并发症和死亡率,一直是肝胆胰外科领域研究的焦点.作为国内最早施行肝胆胰手术的中心之一,从20世纪80年代至今本课题组先后提出了一些新的理念:提出大肝癌和巨大肝癌手术切除的可行性理论并应用于临床,拓展了肝切除治疗肝癌的适应证;提出肝细胞癌新的分类方法,有利于针对大小不同的肿瘤选择不同的治疗方法和进行疗效评估;针对肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的不同类型,采取不同的手术方式,取得良好效果;肝切除联合脾切除治疗原发性肝细胞癌合并门静脉高压症.创立3种肝脏手术控制出血新技术:不解剖肝门经肝实质结扎入肝及出肝血流、第一肝门阻断联合肝下下腔静脉阻断、经肝裸区双悬吊法;小范围肝切除治疗肝门部胆管癌的新理念;不缝合胆管前壁的肝肠吻合术和插入式胆肠吻合术;新的"U"型胰肠套入式缝合法;世界首个原位辅助性部分肝移植手术方式,并成功应用于临床.

Surgery is the most effective and preferred treatment for hepato-pancreato-biliary （HPB） tumors. The improvement of HPB surgery technique mainly focus on reducing the amount of bleeding, improving the safety of operation, simplifying the operation, reducing the complications and mortality all the time. As one of the largest HPB centers in China, hepatic center of Tongji hospital has set up a series of new concepts and new techniques of HPB surgery since 1980s. We proposed a new classification standard of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） to guide the surgical procedures and evaluation of prognosis. According to this method, HCCs lager than 5 cm were defined as lager （〉5 cm and 〈10 cm） or Huge HCC （≥10 cm）. Traditionally, the large/huge HCC patients were thought can＇t tolerate hepatectomy because of the insufficient residual liver volume. However, we confirmed the feasibility and safety of the resection of large/huge HCC and applied it in clinic concurrently in 1990s, which greatly extended the inclusion criteria for operation. Serious intraoperative bleeding is another constraint for resection of large/huge HCC. In order to reduce the intraoperative bleeding and increase the safety of major hepatectomies, three new bleeding control techniques for hepatectomy were established： Infrahepatic inferior vena cava clamping combine with occlusion of the portal triad; tying up of inflow and outflow vessels without dissecting the hilus of the liver; and implementation of the liver double-hanging maneuver through the retrohepatic avascular tunnel on the right side of the inferior vena cava. According to the AASLD and the EASL guidelines for HCC management, patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis （PVTT） are excluded from either surgical treatment or TACE, and only palliative therapies are recommended. However, our studies confirmed treating PVTT patient by indicated surgical protocol according to the location and extension of PVTT is safety and effective. Based on the guideline set by western countries, liver resection is contraindicated in patients with portal hypertension. But in China, 85%-90% patients with HCC showed various degrees of liver cirrhosis, and a large proportion of these patients presented clinical signs of portal hypertension. Thus, we set up a surgical treatment strategy （limited liver resection plus splenectomy with or without devascularization of gastroesophageal varices） for HCC combined with portal hypertension. There are still controversies on the optimal extent of hepaticresection to achieve a high percentage of R0 resection for hilarcholangiocarcinoma. We proposed a new concept that treats hilar cholangiocarcinoma using minor liver resection which showed lower operative morbidity and good prognosis. We also created new surgical procedures such as new intrahepatic cholangiojujunostomy for multiple intrahepatic biliary ductal openings and the inserting bilio- jejunostomy for iatrogenic bile duct injury were all invented and proved to be available in clinic. In order to diminish pancreatic leakage, we established Chen＇s U-suture technique for end-to-end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Many end-stage liver disease patients died due to severe shortage of organ donors. To address the shortage, we are the first to establish auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation technique in the world and applied it in clinic successfully.