美国在意大利反共心理战略计划的制订与实施——基于冷战时期美国心理战略委员会解密档案的考察

Formulation and Implementation of U. S. Psychological Strategic Program towards Italy——An Inspection Based on PSB Declassified Documents

为了实现遏制共产主义在欧洲扩散的目的,美国心理战略委员会于1950年代初主导制订了针对意大利的心理战略计划,并积极协调美国和意大利两国采取联合行动落实该计划。具体而言,两国政府特别开展了如下工作:一是多措并举提升意大利民众对意大利政府的支持率;二是尝试削弱意大利共产党在工会中的影响;三是培植意大利民众对美国的好感。然而,由于美国国家安全目标同意大利政府执政目标之间存有差异,同时美国国内各方对该心理战略计划并非特别重视,再加之受时任意大利总理加斯贝利个人执政风格影响,美国对意心理战略计划远没有达到预期效果。

In order to contain the expansion of communism in Europe,the US Psychological Strategy Board（ PSB） formulated a psychological strategic program directed against communist activities in Italy in the early 1950 s,and it actively coordinated the governments of USA and Italy to take joint actions in order to reduce the communist influence. More specifically,the two governments worked together and did the following among other things： First,they took various measures to lift Italian people＇s support for the current government; Second,they attempted to weaken the influence of Italian Communist Party in trade unions; Third,they tried to foster a favorable impression in Italian people for the United States of America. However,there existed differences between the US national security goals and the Italian government aims; on the other hand,the Department of State,Central Intelligence Agency（ CIA） and other related U. S. government agencies did not attach much importance to it. Therefore,this PSB psychological strategic plan failed to achieve desired effects.