再论亚历山大二世与俄国1861年农民改革

A New View on Alexander IIand the Peasant Reform of 1861in Russia

亚历山大二世启动农民改革的背景并非农奴制经济危机和农民暴动,而是农奴制的思想危机和克里米亚战争后的政治危机。改革的思想、机构、策略等都继承了19世纪上半期俄国政府在农民问题上的政策。亚历山大二世在改革中发挥了主持者和平衡者的作用。他违背贵族的意愿,让他们成为改革的发起者,维护了贵族与皇权的平衡。在土地和赎买问题上,他要求平衡地主与农民利益。在围绕改革的政治斗争中,他一方面维护最高意志的权威性,另一方面他的个人立场模棱两可,导致改革派和保守派的斗争变为争夺沙皇支持的斗争。

The background of Alexander IIs Peasant reform is not a serfdom economic crisis and peasant uprisings,but the ideological crisis of the serfdom and the political crisis after the Crimean War.The ideas,institutions and tactics of starting reform all inherited the policy of the Russian government on peasant issues in the first half of the 19 th century.Alexander II played the role of moderator and balancer in the reform.Violating the nobilitys will,he persisted that they must become the initiator of the reform,so that maintained the balance of aristocracy and the nobility.On the issues of land and redemption,he required to balance the interests of landlords and peasants.In the political struggles around reform,he maintained the authority of the highest will and the ambiguous personal position in the meanwhile,which led to the struggles of reformers and conservatives into struggles for the Tsars support.