社会秩序与政府职责——以北平市第二民众教育馆附设影院风波为中心

Social Order and Governmental Responsibility: A Case Study of the Disturbance of the Cinema Affiliated to the Peking Second Mass Education Bureaus

近代以来,随着国家权势介入并主导社会教育,作为其中心机构的民众教育馆,假址文庙、贡院、会馆、公园等地方公产作为馆舍层见迭出,而这些地方公产的文化象征意义多亦能与民众教育馆事业相得益彰。抗战结束后,各地民众教育馆回迁、恢复时亦循例而行,但不少地区却出现推诿或抵制等困局,其中以北平市第二民众教育馆迁址正阳门箭楼最具代表性,北平市警察局联袂社会局,借该馆附设电影院开幕例行检查契机,牵扯出"火警之虞"、"防务有违"、"影响社会治安"等社会秩序问题。根据北京市档案馆馆藏档案,本文还原该事件始末。认为北平市第二民众教育馆附设影院风波不仅仅是箭楼城防作用及象征意义、票价盈利等问题,更是警察局与教育局等政府机关对地方公共事业的办理权及地方公产使用权的争夺,北平市政府处理态度凸显了特殊历史条件下对政府职责与行为的一种秩序回归。

Since the modem times in China, many Mass Education Bureaus established continuously with the intervention and domination of national power in social education. As the center of the social education, Mass Education Bureaus took over the public properties like Confucius＇ Temples, Examination Offices, Halls, and parks sincethese public properties~ cultural symbols could complement Mass Education Bureaus＇ functions and vice versa. After the Second Sino-Japanese War, local Mass Education Bureaus followed the past practices to restore and move back to their original locations. However, it still faced difficulties like resistance and buck- passing in many areas to do the relocation. The most representative case was the Jianlou of Zhengyangmen relo- cation by Peking Second Mass Education Bureau. Taking the chance of the routine inspection of the cinema＇s inauguration, Peking police station cooperated with the Department of Social Welfare challenged the Peking Second Mass Education Bureau with some issues related to social order such as ＂risk of fire alarm,＂ ＂contravene the defense,＂ and ＂impact the public security＂ of the cinema. According to the archives of Peking Archive, this paper restores the whole story of the event. It argues that the crisis was not only about the city defense meanings of the Jianlou and the price of the tickets, but also about the fighting of the management of public affairs and of the right to use the public properties between the police station and education department. The attitudes of the Peking government reflected a kind of order, regress of administrative responsibilities and activities under the particular historical context.