如何通过比较优势的转换来实现产业升级——评林毅夫的新结构经济学

How to Promote Industrial Upgrading based on the Transportation of Comparative Advantage——A Comment on Lin Yifu's New Structural Economics

林毅夫提出因势利导地根据要素禀赋和比较优势的变动来推进产业升级,这是对比较优势战略的具体化,具有显著的现实意义。但同时,作为一门根基于现实意识的"知行合一"学说,新结构经济学还有待进一步发展和完善。这主要体现在以下几方面:(1)它将具体而异质的技术与抽象与同质的资本等同起来,而没有明确将技术当作一个独立生产要素,尤其没有考虑它是一个决定现代产业比较优势的关键生产要素,从而也就没有注重技术进步的动力机制;(2)它基于人均资本-劳动比来评估一国的总体要素禀赋结构和比较优势,而没有充分关注一国比较优势的多元性,尤其是没有考虑比较优势的多元性与经济规模之间的关系,从而就忽视了大国发展多元化产业结构的可能性和必要性;(3)它基于绝对成本而推崇小步跑式产业升级途径,而没有充分关注产业升级在不同规模经济体中的相对成本差异,尤其没有考虑大国所具有的承担风险和成本的更大能力,从而就忽视了大国实现跨越式产业升级的可能性和必要性。本文通过一个简单的3×2贸易模型对上述几点展开了系统的逻辑分析,对比较优势变动和转换的动力机制做了深层次的剖析,进而探究了比较优势战略在不同时空下的适用性差异,从而有助于更好地认识和发展林毅夫的新结构经济学。

Professor Lin Yifu advocate to promote industrial upgrading closely in the light of the general trend of the change of factor endowment and its corresponding comparative advantage, which has a significant practical significance for the embodiment of the comparative advantage strategy. However, as a ＂unity of knowledge and action＂ theory based on reality consciousness, new structure economics still needs some further development and improvement. This paper makes systematic logic analysis by use of a simple 3 x 2 trade model, makes deep analysis of the evolution and transformation of comparative advantage, and further explores the differences of applicability for the strategy of comparative advantage under different time and space, which will contribute much to better understand and develop gin Yifu＇s new structural economics.