长期定位施肥对黄绵土区作物产量及养分回收率的影响

Effect of long-term fertilization on crop yields and nutrition accumulative recovery rates in Loessial soils region

通过近30年(1981—2010年)的长期定位试验,系统研究长期施肥对黄绵土区作物产量及养分累积利用率的影响。结果表明:长期施用化肥和有机肥在显著增加小麦、油菜和胡麻3种作物产量的同时小麦产量年际间的稳定性也显著提高,化肥配施和有机肥与化肥配施的增产和稳产效果更佳;施用有机肥处理和不施用有机肥处理,氮磷配施(NP)及氮磷钾配施(NPK)的增产效应都随试验年限延长而逐渐增加,且与试验年限间呈极显著正相关关系;施用氮肥(N)、氮磷配施(NP)及氮磷钾配施(NPK)的平均增产效应分别为745、1 413 kg·hm-2和1474 kg·hm-2,有机肥的平均增产效应为983 kg·hm-2;不同施肥处理中,氮磷(NP)配合施用及氮磷钾(NPK)配施处理氮和磷的累积回收率最高,分别为44.35%、44.55%和15.11%、15.35%;施用有机肥降低了氮和磷的累积回收率,有机肥与氮磷(MNP)及有机肥与氮磷钾(MNP)配施处理氮和磷的累积回收率分别为30.41%、32.07%和9.95%、9.70%;氮磷钾(NPK)处理钾的累积回收率最高,为14.25%,同样施用有机肥显著降低了钾的累积回收率。

Long-term fertilization experiment that established on Loessial soils lasted nearly for 30 years in Tianshui city of Gansu province was conducted to study the effects of long-term fertilization on crop yields and accumulative nutrient recovery rates. The results showed that long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manure significantly increased wheat,canola,flax grain yields and wheat yields stability between years,combined applying chemical fertilizers and organic manure applying combined with chemical fertilizer resulted in higher and stable yield performance. The yields increased by nitrogen（ N）,nitrogen and phosphorus（ NP）,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium（ NPK） gradually increased with time,moreover,there were notable positive correlation between yields and times in NP,NPK,MNP and MNPK treatments. The mean wheat yields increased by N,NP and NPK were 745,1 413 kg · hm^-2and 1 474kg·hm^-2,manure application meanly increased wheat grain yield by 984 kg·hm^-2. In all treatments the highest accumulative nitrogen and phosphorus recovery rates appeared in NP and NPK treatments,being 44. 35%,44. 55% and15. 11%,15. 35%,respectively. Manure application significantly reduced accumulative nitrogen and phosphorus recov-ery rates,MNP and MNPK treatments nitrogen and phosphorus accumulative recovery rates were 30. 41%,32. 07% and9. 95% and 9. 70%,respectively. The highest potassium accumulative recovery rate of 14. 25% appeared in NPK treatment,manure application also significantly reduced potassium recovery rate.