天下共治与两汉政论的直言

Joint Governance of the Country and Political Outspokenness in the Han Dynasty

刘邦立汉时所宣称的"天下共治",是两汉选贤机制的重要来源。汉王室每逢灾异而选拔直言极谏,主动以朝野对话来纾缓民间积怨,以此作为调整行政措施的参考。但在具体的行政实践中,直言极谏的作用却日渐弱化。两汉文人秉持共治而形成的直言传统并没有因此削弱,遂使得两汉政论散文以直接批评为基调。当东汉皇权与士人关系相疏离,士人遂从行政的参与者转化为政权的旁观者,潜隐著述,指陈时弊。

Liu Bang's claim of'joint governance of the country'after the establishment pf the Han Dynasty was the origin of selecting the virtuous,who would give suggestions when calamity occurs,and act actively in government to solve accumulated rancour among the people,according to which the adjustment of the administrative measures were made.But in the administrative practice,outspoken voice was gradually weakened.In order to get the government's agreement on shared governance,Han scholars insisted in taking the responsibility for the country,unceasingly carried forward the tradition,made the political prose criticism more directly and sharply.When scholars were changing from administrative participants into bystanders,political essays were thus typical criticism in the eastern Han Dynasty.