重引入丹顶鹤野放初期活动范围及变化规律

Movement Range and Variation of Re-introduced Red-Crowned Cranes(Grus japonensis) in the Early Stages after Release in the Wild

动物园是野生动物迁地保护的重要基地,可以为濒危物种重引入项目提供动物来源。2013年11月、12月和2015年1月、3月,在江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区(14只)和黑龙江林甸自然保护区(2只)共释放16只圈养丹顶鹤。利用卫星定位信号发射器(platform transmitter terminals,PTT)和野外直接观察法进行跟踪监测研究。结果显示,释放后1 a内丹顶鹤在野外的存活率在50.00%~68.75%之间;其中9只丹顶鹤放飞后PTT监测时间超过60 d,放飞后的移动距离为(8.95±8.00)km,活动范围(118.14±311.11)km2;4只丹顶鹤的PTT监测时间超过240 d,1只监测时间118 d,这5只个体放飞后的移动距离为(16.69±21.82)km,活动范围(418.67±888.74)km2。丹顶鹤野放初期移动距离和活动范围逐渐增大,放飞后第4个月总体移动距离和活动范围达到最大,野外释放半年以后移动距离和活动范围逐渐减小,趋于稳定。放归年龄小于1岁的幼鹤移动距离和活动范围较大,而年龄大于2岁的个体移动距离和活动范围相对较小,且年龄组间差异极显著(P<0.01)。亲鸟哺育的幼鹤释放后活动能力较大,人工育幼的丹顶鹤则相反,但是差异并不显著(P>0.05)。软释放和硬释放对放飞后活动能力影响不大(P>0.05)。目前为止,野外研究尚未观察到重引入丹顶鹤与野生个体的繁殖配对现象,也未发现放归个体的迁徙行为。

Zoos are important bases for ex-situ wildlife conservation.Zoos can supply captive-reared animal for endangered species reintroduction programs.We re-introduced 14 captive-bred red-crowned cranes（Grus japonensis） to Jiangsu Yancheng Wetland National Nature Reserve in Jiangsu Province and two to Heilongjiang Lindian Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province in November and December 2013 and January and March in 2015.Platform transmitter terminals（PTT） and direct observation methods were used to track the released cranes.The results showed that 50%-69% of the cranes survived one year after release.Nine of the cranes were tracked by PTT for more than 60 days,with mean moving distance of 9.0 ± 8.0 km/10 days and total movement range of 118 ± 311 km2/10 days.Four of the cranes were tracked by PTT for more than 240 days,and one crane was tracked for 118 days.These five cranes showed mean movement distance of 17 ± 22 km/30 days and movement range of 419 ± 889 km2/30 days.The movement distance and range of the cranes increased in the early stages after release into the wild,peaking in the fouth month,and then declining and stabilizing after six months after release.The movement distance and range of cranes 1-year-old was greater than for cranes 2 years old（P 0.01）.The mobility of parent-reared young was greater than that of human-reared young,but the difference was not significant（P 0.05）.Activity of released birds did not vary by release method.To date,we have not recorded released cranes pairing with wild cranes,and released cranes have not yet migrated.