寨卡病毒感染的流行病学特征和防控措施

Epidemiological characteristics and preventive measures for Zika virus infection

寨卡病毒于1947年被发现,既往认为该病毒主要在亚洲、欧洲、非洲流行,然而在2015年,该病毒传播至美洲,首先在巴西暴发,随后蔓延至美洲绝大部分国家。该病毒是一种黄病毒,可分为亚洲型与非洲型。大部分寨卡病毒感染者为无症状感染,但是寨卡病毒具有嗜神经性和致畸作用,可诱发成人Guillain-Barre综合征和新生儿小头畸形。蚊媒传播是该病毒的主要传播方式,此外,该病毒还可通过血液传播、性传播和母婴传播。目前,寨卡病毒最有效的防控方法是控制伊蚊,尚无针对寨卡病毒的疫苗上市。

Zika virus was discovered in 1947 and was believed to be epidemic only in the Asia,Europe and Africa. However,in 2015,the Zika virus was first spread to Brazil,and then to most other countries in Americas. Zika virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family and can be classified into the Asian lineage and the African lineage. Most Zika virus infections are asymptomatic,but can be neurotropic or teratogenic,giving rise to adult Guillain-Barre syndrome and neonatal microcephaly. Zika virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito-spread,besides,it can also be transmitted through blood transmission,sexual transmission,and vertical transmission. At present,the most effective measure to prevent and control the spread of Zika virus is to control Aedes. No vaccines against Zika virus have appeared on the market so far.