从供应链角度分析俄罗斯IUU渔获从我国进入美国市场的原因

Estimates of IUU fishing in seafood from Russia imports to the USA from China——from the supply-chain perspective

非法、不报告、不管制捕捞(IUU)是相当严重的全球问题,危害了海洋生态系统、食品安全、渔民生计,还造成逃税漏税,甚至跨国有组织犯罪,比如渔船人口贩卖,尤其是男人和儿童的贩卖。为分析IUU捕捞问题,不仅需要了解其发生场所,更需要掌握非法渔获最终如何流入市场。从这一角度出发,以我国对美出口的主要捕捞水产品为例,分析其IUU渔获情况,首先通过量化2014年我国主要输美捕捞水产品(青鳕、鲑鱼、蟹)中IUU渔获的数量比例,继而以我国对美出口水产品供应链为切入点进行研究,发现我国IUU渔获流入美国市场的主要原因为水产品供应链不透明、我国水产品加工来料多为俄罗斯IUU渔获。其次,分析美国近年来打击IUU捕捞的措施,尤其是最近美国通过了《进口水产品应对IUU及水产品欺诈的追溯识别机制》草案,该法案拟采取贸易管制措施对IUU进行打击,更是对我国捕捞水产品出口的巨大考验。

Illegal, unreported and unregulated （IUU） fishing is a serious global problem, and IUU fishing practices include the violation of national and international laws, misreport of catches quotas or species, escape from national or international fishery organization control, etc. IUU fishing jeopardizes the marine ecosystem, food safety, fishermen livelihood, also causes tax evasion, and even transnational crime, such as slavery at sea, especially man and child trafficking. To analyze IUU fishing problem, it＇ s not enough just to know about IUU fishing places, we should also master how IUU catches come into market in the end. From this perspective, this paper takes the main wild-catch seafood exporting from China to USA for example. To analyze China＇ s IUU fishing situation, first of all, through the quantification in 2014 China＇s main export wild-catch seafood （pollock, salmon, crab） to USA, according to the volume of IUU fishing in proportion, and comparing with the main exporting countries, we can find that the IUU catch scale is large exporting into the United States. Then taking the supply chain as the breakthrough point, we can summarize the reasons as follows： First, the supply chain of wild-catch seafood lacks transparency and traceability. Second, all three species undergo transshipping from Russia and are processed in China before re-export to the United States and all three have been linked to high levels of illegal fishing. When analyzing the policies in USA combating IUU fishing in recent years, especially the U. S. Seafood Traceability Program, it takes trade control as mechanism to combat IUU, and it＇ s also a great test to the traceability of seafood from our country. Finally, considering the latest international instrument combating IUU fishing, i.e. Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance, we can not only learn some specific measures about strengthening sanctions against IUU fishing as legislation, but it＇ s also a test for our country combating in IUU fishing.