双语者言语产生中语码切换代价——从孤立词汇到句子语境

The switch costs in bilingual speech production:From a single word to sentence context

语码切换代价是指双语者从正在使用的语言切换到另一种语言时反应时变长和错误率增加的现象。语码切换代价的存在,提示双语者对两种语言系统的加工可能存在差异。而由于言语产生中的语码切换充分体现了双语者对语言系统认知加工的自主控制能力,言语产生的语码切换研究备受重视。研究首先考察了语码切换代价的表现模式,然后深入探讨语码切换代价的来源及产生机制;随着以孤立词汇为加工对象的语码切换研究的发展,句子语境等因素开始纳入研究范围。研究发现语境中的语码切换加工与孤立词汇产生的语码切换加工存在差异,两者差异可从"线索—感知—预期"三个层面进行分析。有关研究从孤立词汇产生到引入句子语境的发展,反映研究范式向自然言语产生任务靠拢,以揭示双语者在实际言语产生时语码切换的实质。

The bilinguals typically make more errors and spend more time when switching between different languages, which is termed ＂code-switching costs＂. The code-switching costs provide a useful insight into how bilinguals control languages and have attracted wide research attentions in recent years, particularly in the field of speech production, for the process of speech production fully reveals the bilinguals＇ proactive control of languages. A primary paradigm with the task of a single word production without context has been used to explored where（i.e., locus） and how（i.e., mechanisms） code-switching costs occur. Recently, some novel paradigms were implemented to investigate the influence of sentence context on cod e-switching. The different patterns of code-switching costs which were obtained under the different experimental settings were interpreted in terms of code-switching cues, perception and expectation processes. Based on the literature and discussion, the characteristic of code-switching in bilinguals＇ speech production in everyday life was assumed, and the prospects for the future studies are considered.