工作时间长真的不快乐吗?异质性视角下工作时间对幸福感的影响

The effect of work hours on well-being:New exploration of work hours' heterogeneity

工作时间是现代社会中影响员工幸福感的重要因素。过往学者将工作时间同质化,基于工作时间会消耗个体资源进而负向影响幸福感这一损耗假设,探索工作时间长短对幸福感的影响,得到的结论却并不一致。在梳理过往研究的基础上,指出影响幸福感的关键并非是工作时间的长短,而是工作时间的性质。根据调节资源的消耗程度和关键个人资源(感知到的亲社会影响、积极情绪和自我肯定)的产出程度,工作时间可划分为损耗类的耗竭型、低维持型以及恢复类补充型和突破型四种类型。在揭示工作时间异质性(损耗类和恢复类)的基础上,阐述了补充型与突破型工作时间通过即时影响自我控制能力和长期影响职业认同而对幸福感产生积极作用的增益过程。在为重新审视工作时间的作用性质提供一个新视角的同时,对未来研究提出了一些可供参考的方向。

Work hours is one of most important factors that can influence employees＇ well-being. Researchers has considered work hours solely as depleting, and had negative impact on employees＇ well-being. Some of the researches have contradictory results. Drawing on a heterogeneity perspective of work, I argue that there is unaccounted for variability in the nature of work hours such that some are actually restorative rather than depleting. I articulate the four type of work hours through simultaneous consideration of the extent to which a given work hours is（1） depleting of regulatory resources and（ 2） generative of three particular resources shown to compensate for the effects of ego depletion. Beyond the depleting work hours that have been the focus of research to date, the resulting typology reveals two restorative types（replenishing and breakthrough） that I theorize positively shape well-being in both the short and long term. The new perspectives of future studies based on these reasons were discussed.