堆肥浸提液对番茄、黄瓜种苗生长及养分吸收的影响

Effect of compost extracts on growth and nutrition absorption of tomato and cucumber seedlings

【目的】研究不同类型堆肥浸提液对番茄、黄瓜种苗生长和营养元素吸收分配的影响,以期为堆肥浸提液的应用提供一定的理论依据。【方法】以腐熟的牛粪、猪粪、菇渣+牛粪、菇渣+鸡粪为原料,用清水浸提72h后,获得不同堆肥浸提原液。以1/2倍日本园试营养液(全氮质量浓度为121.00mg/L)为对照,以堆肥浸提原液中的全氮质量浓度为标准,进行不同倍数的稀释使其全氮质量浓度接近于对照。试验设4个堆肥浸提液处理,分别为T1,3/4倍牛粪浸提原液(全氮质量浓度为122.25 mg/L);T2,3/4倍菇渣+鸡粪浸提原液(全氮质量浓度为135.90mg/L);T3,3/4倍菇渣+牛粪浸提原液(全氮质量浓度为125.78mg/L);T4,1/3倍猪粪浸提原液(全氮质量浓度为117.75mg/L)。测定各堆肥浸提液的理化性质,并研究其对番茄、黄瓜种苗生长的影响及氮、磷、钾在植株内的分配。【结果】各堆肥浸提液均呈弱碱性,且pH均显著高于CK。不同堆肥浸提液的电导率及全氮、全磷、全钾、铜、锌、铁、锰质量浓度均存在显著差异。T4处理的番茄和黄瓜种苗株高、茎粗最大,明显高于其余处理。番茄与黄瓜种苗地上部干质量、地下部干质量及壮苗指数均以T4处理最大,其次是CK,且二者之间差异不显著。对于番茄种苗而言,T4处理的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、气孔导度(Gs)、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)最高;对于黄瓜种苗而言,叶片光合特性的变化与番茄种苗基本一致,T4处理的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、Pn、Gs、Tr最大,但与CK差异不显著。与其他处理相比,T4处理番茄和黄瓜种苗的根、茎、叶中氮元素含量及植株总氮元素含量均最高。茎、叶中磷元素含量在番茄和黄瓜种苗中均以T4处理最高,但种苗总磷含量番茄以T4处理下最高,黄瓜以CK处理下最高。不同浸提液处理番茄和黄瓜各器官的钾元素分配率总体无显著差异。【结论】1/3倍猪粪浸提液处理番茄、黄瓜种苗的形态特征及光合特性均显著优于其他处理,能显著增加种苗的全氮、全磷含量,有利于番茄、黄瓜种苗的生长,可以作为优质的液体有机肥应用于种苗生产。

【Objective】In order to provide theoretical basis for utilization of compost extracts,the effect of different compost extracts on growth and nutrition absorbing of tomato and cucumber seedlings were an-alyzed.【Method】The extracts obtained from cattle manure,pig manure,chicken manure and mushroom composts were extracted in water for 72 hours.Then,the total N（TN）of compost extracts was diluted to the concentration in 1/2Japanese garden general formula.Four treatments were set：T1,3/4cattle manure compost extract（TN 122.25mg/L）;T2,3/4mushroom residue＋chicken manure compost extracts（TN135.90mg/L）;T3,3/4mushroom residue＋cattle manure compost extracts（TN 125.78mg/L）;and T4,1/3pig manure compost extracts（TN 117.75mg/L）.The physicochemical properties of compost extracts were measured,and the effects of different compost extracts on growth and nutrition absorbing of tomato and cucumber seedlings were estimated.【Result】The compost extracts were weak alkaline,and pH values were significantly higher than control.There were significant differences in EC,contents of TN,TP,TK,Cu,Zn,Fe,and Mn among treatments.Both seedling heights and stem diameters of tomato and cucumber seedlings were significantly increased under T4 treatment.Seedling index and dry weight of shoots and roots reached maximum under T4,but there was no significant difference between T4 and CK.Chl a,Chl b,Pn,Gs and Tr were markedly enhanced under T4 in tomato compared to CK,while the increases were not significant in cucumber.The N contents of root,stem,leaf and whole plant of tomato and cucumber reached the highest under T4.The highest values of P content in root,stem,and leaf were observed under T4 in tomato and cucumber.Highest P content of whole plant was observed under T4 in tomato,while under CK in cucumber.The distribution rates of K in different organs of tomato and cucumber seedlings had no significant differences.【Conclusion】Irrigation with 1/3pig manure compost extracts obtained optimal morphological characteristics and photosynthetic characteristics of tomato and cucumber seedlings and significantly increased the contents of N and P of seedlings.