马克思现代性批判的内在特征及其逻辑转向——以《巴黎手稿》为中心

The Intrinsic Characteristics and Logical Turn of Marx 's Criticism of Modernity——Centering on The Paris Manuscripts

马克思的现代性虽不肇始于《巴黎手稿》,但正是《巴黎手稿》开启了他现代性批判范式的重大转折。在《巴黎手稿》中,马克思对现代性的批判角度从之前的"政治异化"("副本"批判)转入"劳动异化"("原本"批判),在对资本、抽象劳动及异化三者的内在本质及相互关系的揭示中,对现代性问题进行了根本性的剖析和解答。通过对黑格尔辩证法的反思和市民社会的深层梳理,马克思确立了以古典政治经济学、古典哲学及空想社会主义学说相结合的批判方式,形成了现代性批判的整体性视域;而以古典政治经济学的角度切入现代性批判,也使得马克思的现代性批判理论形成一种整体视域下的双重结构(即对资本及其背后的现代形而上学的双重批判)。二者彼此支撑拱卫,共同构成了现代性批判的两个基本支柱。《巴黎手稿》是马克思现代性批判的第一个纲领性文本,也是马克思对现代性反思和批判的新的逻辑起点,因此可以视为马克思现代性批判的真正诞生地。

Marx＇s modernity criticism did not originate from The Paris Manuscripts, but it was The Paris Manuscripts that opened a major turning point on his paradigm of modernity criticism. In The Paris Manuscripts, Marx＇s perspective of modernity criticism shifted from political alienation （or copy critique） into labor alienation （or original critique）. A fundamental analysis of and solution to the problems of modernity were provided by the way of revealing the essential and relationship between capital, la- bor and alienation. Through the reflection of Hegel＇s dialectics and the deep analysis of the civil society, Marx established a criti- cal way which combined classical political economics, classical philosophy and Utopian socialism theory together, forming a holis- tic perspective of modernity criticism. Meanwhile, approaching the modernity criticism from the angle of classical political econo- my also makes Marx＇s modernity criticism a dual structure （That is, the dual criticism to capital and the modern metaphysics be- hind it） from the holistic perspective. They two supported each other, constituting the two basic pillars of Marx＇s modernity criti- cism. The Paris Manuscripts is the first programmatic document of Marx＇s modernity criticism but also his new logical starting point for the reflection and criticism of modernity. Therefore, it can be regarded as the real birthplace of Marx＇s modernity criti- cism.