郭象“物”观念与晋人的逸气及乡愿

The Concept of “Things”in Guo Xiang and the Zeitgeist in the Jin Dynasty of Romanticism and the Submission to Conventionality

在郭象哲学中,"物"是一个频繁使用的边缘词。从内涵上看,郭象的"物"观念重视"各"物,着眼于物与物之间质的差别。在外延方面,郭象的"物"观念从自然物一直拓展到最一般的存在,人、系于人事的"爵禄"等也属于物。郭象的"物"观念指向人的社会政治实践的开展,指向人的生命意义的安顿。郭象"物"观念的哲学意蕴在于:人虽无往不受欣羡外物的欲望的蛊惑,但人生而自足依然是一个本体论事实;人生而逍遥,却无往不应安于性分的界域之内。在此,逸气难掩乡愿:在"分"之内高扬个体的自足自得自由与任性逍遥,"安分"往往演变为认命:全盘接受现存外部秩序的合理性,乐于舒舒服服地躺在(得到形上论证的)"性分"所蔽护的安乐窝里做着甜美的梦。

Without functioning as a key term, ＂things＂ has been frequently used in Guo Xiang＇ s philosophy. As for its connotation, ＂things＂ in Guo Xiang highlights the variety and individuality of things due to their essential differences. Concerning its extension,＂ things＂ in Guo Xiang extends from natural beings to being in general, including human beings and their affairs such as ＂position and salary＂. It also refers to social and political practice and life meaning as well. It philosophically implicates, on the one hand, that it remains an ontological fact for a human being that he is independent by nature despite of the ever-present delusion of external things; and on the other, a human being shall satisfy himself in the frame of his ＂role and part＂ in spite of his being free by nature. Here we can see the submission to conventionality in the disguise of romanticism ： to promote self-sufficiency, independence and freedom in the frame of his ＂role and part＂ can easily transform itself into the submission to destiny, that is, to have a sweet dream in a comfortable house of metaphysically justified ＂role and part＂ after completely and undoubtedly accepting the rationality of the existing outside order.