清代思想的异调:王船山政治哲学再探

A Different Voice in Qing Thought:Revisiting the Political Philosophy of Wang Fuzhi

近代以来人们对于船山的理解,往往受到两个前见的影响:一是重视船山的民族论,将之作为排满革命的理论宣传;一是将船山看作启蒙的思想家。特别是后者,即启蒙的论调一直是中国明末至清代思想史的一个主流论调。但我们稽诸《船山全书》,并不能发现很多真正的'启蒙'思想;反而,在这样一个准启蒙的思想潮流中,船山显得不免'反动'。阳明后学与清代考据学,虽然形态不同,乃至相互对立,但他们都是传统等差结构的消解者;而船山恰恰是这样一个结构的维护者。船山的人性论、伦理学,都是基于此而展开的。

Understandings of Wang Fuzhi in modern China have been prone to the influence of two preexisting notions. One highlights his ethnic theory and uses it to promote the antiManchu revolution, and the other regards him as an Enlightenment thinker. However, an examination of his Complete Works of Wang Fuzhi shows that it contains little Enlightenment thought and instead shows Wang as something of a reactionary in the context of the enlightening trends of his day. Both the philosophical legacy of Wang Yangming and Qing text-critical research, though different or even opposite in form, functioned to deconstruct the traditional rank hierarchy, whereas Wang Fuzhi was a defender of hierarchy and took it as the basis for his theory of human nature and ethics.