美国肯定性行动计划及其对我国弱势群体政策的启示

American Affirmative Action Plan and its Implications for China's Policies Concerning Vulnerable Groups

面对日益严重的种族歧视和被歧视者的权利诉求,美国在20世纪60、70年代出台了肯定性行动计划,就业领域的配额制和教育领域的校车制是该计划得以贯彻的两种主要形式。该计划是一种补偿计划,是以黑人为代表的少数族裔获得公平份额的保障机制,体现的是实质平等。此计划对弱势群体政策的启示是:政策歧视是弱势群体遭受社会排斥的根源,平等参与是提升弱势群体社会地位的有效手段,完善有中国特色的反歧视法案是解决弱势群体社会排斥的关键。

Facing the increasing racial discrimination and the victims＇ pleas for rights, the U. S government formulated Affirmative Action Plan in the 1960s and 1970s, of which the quota system in employment and the school -bus system in education are two major forms. The plan is compensational, aiming at pro- viding a security mechanism of fair share for substantial equality for minority people represented by blacks. The implications of the plan for policies con- cerning vulnerable groups are as follows： policy discrimination is the root of vulnerable groups being excluded in society, equal participation is an effective means for the improvement of their social status, and anti - discrimination laws with Chinese features are a key to solving the problems of vulnerable groups being excluded in Chinese society.