故宫大高玄殿古建筑群多层彩画颜料成分研究

Pigment Composition of Multilayer Color Painting in Dagaoxuan Temple Ancient Architectural Complex of the Imperial Palace

目的首次对世界文化遗产——故宫大高玄殿古建筑群彩画颜料进行分析,以期为修缮前彩画颜料历史信息的提取、档案的建立,彩画制作年代的判断,彩画的修缮提供依据。方法通过偏光显微镜(PLM)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、拉曼光谱仪(Raman)等手段对大高玄殿多层彩画的颜料样品进行综合分析测试。结果得到树脂包覆多层颜料封样的剖面结构照片,偏光显微镜和SEM得到5个样品共12层颜料的颗粒形貌特征,通过SEM-EDS测得各颜料中的元素及含量,拉曼光谱测得颜料的谱峰位置信息。多种手段相互补充和佐证,综合得出多层彩画样品各层颜料成分。结论彩画绿色颜料主要含有氯铜矿、孔雀石、橄榄铜矿、巴黎绿,蓝色颜料主要含有蓝铜矿和群青,红色颜料主要含有铁红、朱砂、铅丹,黑色颜料含有炭黑,白色颜料含有方解石。内层一般是传统颜料,而外层发现了合成群青、巴黎绿等近代颜料。

The work aims to analyze color painting pigments of the World Cultural Heritage--Dagaoxuan Temple ancient architectural complex of the Imperial Palace, so as to provide a basis for withdrawing historical information of restoring color painting pigments, establishing files, judging the year of production and restoring the color paintings. Comprehensive analytical test was performed to the pigments samples of multilayer color painting in Dagaoxuan Temple by using polarized light micro- scopy （PLM）, scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer （SEM-EDS）, Raman spectroscopy （Raman） and other instruments. Sectional structure picture of multilayer pigments coated by resin was obtained. Particle morphology characteristics of 5 samples with a total of 12 layers of pigment were obtained by polarizing microscope and SEM. Elements and corresponding contents of all pigments were measured by SEM-EDS. Position information involving spectral peaks of the pigments was measured by Raman spectroscopy. The pigment composition of each layer in the multi-layer color painting samples was identified synthetically by a variety of means complementing and supporting each other. Green pigments mainly contain atacamite, malachite, olivenite and emerald green; blue pigments mainly contain azurite and ultramarine blue; red pigments mainly contain iron oxide red, cinnabar and minium; black pigment contains carbon black; and white pigment contains calcite. Traditional pigments are generally present in inner layer while modem pigments including synthetic ultramarine and Pads green are found in the outer layer.