英格兰古典大学改革与大学传统的扬弃

The Reform of Ancient Universities and the Adaptation of University Traditions in England

英格兰古典大学改革是19世纪英国改革的重要组成部分,不仅包括教育理念和教学方式的调整,而且包括大学内外治理结构的重组。功利主义的思想先导、知识界的舆论宣导和外围试验均起到凝聚改革人心、汇聚改革共识的重要作用。改革打破了教育归于民间的传统思维,成功探索出一条以授权性介入为特征的大学改革新途径,反映出19世纪英国学权、教权与政权各自力量的消长与角色定位。这场改革在引入专业教育与科学研究的同时,也保留了大学的既有优势,其自由和自治传统、绅士教育传统通过书院制和导师制大部分得以延续。传统扬弃的过程也清晰地反映出目的与手段的差别,作为手段的大学制度需要以知识的生产和思想的供给为归依。

The reform of ancient universities was an important part of the 19^(th) century English reforms.It involved the adjustments of theory and practice of education,and the reorganization of intramural and extramural administration.The reform was initiated by intellectual and political elites.The direction of utilitarianism,the atmospheric preparation by the learned community,and peripheral experiments provided common ground for the reform.It ended the non-governmental tradition of education by bringing government authorized intervention into the reform,which reflected the changing balance among collegial,ecclesiastical and political powers.Although it introduced professional education and academic research,the liberal,autonomous and gentlemanly tradition was maintained in the collegial and tutorial system.Such choices in the reform indicated that universities as means were required to serve the end of intellectual production.