英国1830年《啤酒法》与酒类流通管理制度的变迁

The Beerhouse Act of 1830 in England and Changes in Beer Regulations

自16世纪中叶起,为了规范酒类流通,约束无序经营,英国实行了酒类流通许可证制度,并赋予地方治安法官以许可证的发放权。由于缺乏良性协作和有效制约,治安法官之间不仅配合不力,还与在工业化中崛起的垄断性酒商时相串通,谋取"权力寻租"。这一现象日益引发社会的关注与谴责。至1830年,在自由贸易思潮的有力推动下,议会颁布了《啤酒法》,解除了治安法官的权力干预,推行啤酒的自由流通。但法案的实施效果并不尽如人意,啤酒自由流通直接导致酗酒等相关社会问题的加剧。到19世纪后期,随着社会问题的持续激化以及主张积极自由的自由主义理论的兴起,国家干预思想逐渐为人们所接受,政府开始逐渐修正自由放任的思想,逐步介入对社会问题的治理,从而也在酒类问题上加大了立法调控。

In order to standardize the brewing and sale of beer,England introduced alcohol license since the mid-16^(th) century and the licensing duty was allotted to local magistrates.However,the lack of cooperation and supervision rendered it an ineffective practice,and even resulted in collusion between magistrates and growing industrialized breweries.As criticisms targeted at the issue increased,the Parliament passed the Beerhouse Act in 1830.Based on the idea of free trade,it repealed the intervention of local magistracy and advocated the free trade of beer.But the result of this Act was unsatisfactory:it exacerbated social problems,such as alcoholism.In the late 19^(th) century,the continued aggravation of the issue and the rise of social liberalism popularized the notion of government intervention.The laissez-faire government was replaced by an interfering one which enhanced its legal regulations on alcohol.