石油化工装置安全设计讨论——Ⅷ.装置主要危险和危险因素

Discussion on safety design of petrochemical units——Ⅷ. main hazards and hazardous factors of unit

石油化工装置原材料不同,生产条件各异,但它们的主要危险和危险因素相近。火灾、爆炸、中毒和污染是主要危险。装置主要危险因素分为一般危险因素和特殊危险因素,前者包括放热反应控制、危险物料处理、设备封闭式布置、道路通道设置、泄漏物的排放等;后者包括物料危险性、负压或爆炸范围附近操作。压力释放、低温、不稳定物料量,以及腐蚀、泄漏、明火加热设备、热油换热系统和转动设备则影响事故发生的概率。

Although the petrochemical process units process different feedstocks at different conditions,their main hazards and hazardous factors are very close. The main hazards are fire,explosion,poison and pollution. The main hazardous factors of the units are divided into general hazardous factors and special hazardous factors. The general hazardous factor include the control of exothermal reaction,treatment of hazardous materials,closed arrangement of equipment,provision of access roads and release of leakages. The special hazardous factors cover hazard of materials,operation under negative pressure or in explosion range,pressurized release,low-temperature and unstable materials,corrosion,leaking,fire heaters,hot oil heat exchange system and rotary equipment. They have a great impact on the occurrence rate of accidents.