传统时期太湖流域的渔民及其生计

Fishermen and Their Livelihood in Traditional Era in Taihu Basin

传统时期太湖流域的渔民群体分为陆上定居的兼业渔民(仍属农民身份)和水上流动的专业渔民,其生产与生活方式因水环境和鱼资源的分布而存在区域差异。太湖周边低地湖荡区的兼业渔民从事捕鱼的环境支持度和资源便利程度较高,渔业在农村副业序列中占有重要地位。东部河网地区水鱼资源欠丰,捕鱼技术简单,农民捕鱼生产的季节性和流动性较大。太湖上流动捕鱼的专业渔民生产技术高,具有规模化和互助性,构成自然捕捞商品鱼生产的主力大军。流动于东部内河上的专业渔民以单家独户生产为主,产量低收入少,缺乏互助合作。各类渔民共同具有的流动性和人口来源的复杂性,使其成为社会安全管理的重灾区,也是促成20世纪60,70年代政府彻底实施渔民上岸定居的重要原因。

The fishermen in traditional era in Taihu basin included two groups： the group who settled on land and the group lived on boats on water,the former being a kind of peasants,the latter being professional fisherman.The difference of their producing and living style was decided by the water environmental support and fish resources.In the Taihu Lake area and the surrounding lowland,the fishermen enjoyed rich water and fish resource,and the fishery occupied an important position in the rural sideline sequence. But in the eastern area of the Taihu basin,because of lack of big lake and river,the fishing farmers was engaged in seasonal and mobile fishery. The professional fishermen on the Taihu Lake shared higher fishing technology,and they produced on a scale and mutual benefit,and constituted the mail force of natural fish production. The fishermen on eastern rivers produced in a single family style,their yield and income being low. The population complexity and fluidity made the fishermen group became the difficulty of social security management,and this contributed much to the thoroughly implement by the government to make all the fishermen settle on land in 1970 s.