旅游研究的反思与再反思:试评阿兰贝里批评框架中的现代与后现代范式

Reflection and Re-reflection in Tourism Study: A Review on the Modernism and Postmodernism Paradigm in Aramberri's Framework of Criticism

现代旅游的发展已逾百年,旅游研究也在不同的历史阶段经历了多个理论思潮。在最初阶段,主流研究着眼于旅游现象的经济性,呼应着现代性中强调发展、规模以及速度的思想。然而,随着现代主义在其发展、嬗变过程中给社会、环境以及人类个体所带来的诸多根本性矛盾的逐渐积累,后现代主义思想应运而生,开始了对现代主义思想多方位的反思,而旅游研究也在这股后现代主义思潮中找到了一个转向的契机。然而,这一转向的目标虽在于揭露并解决现代性所面临的窘境,但后现代主义及其影响下所衍生出的旅游理论亦暴露了自身的内在矛盾。针对这种矛盾,胡里奥·阿兰贝里(Julio Aramberri)在《现代大众旅游》一书中对影响了旅游研究走向的后现代主义理论进行了批判性的检视,以审慎的学术态度对旅游研究中具有影响力的理论所存在的问题提出了质疑,针对后现代主义思想在旅游学中的应用进行了深刻的反思。文章以此为出发点,通过对这些理论以及阿兰贝里批判观点的综合剖析,讨论了从现代主义开始,旅游研究所经历的后现代反思到对后现代思想的再反思,对诸多相互关联又存在矛盾的理论进行了分析,如真实与虚假,功能与解放,和谐与权力等,试图说明旅游研究中从现代到后现代主义的不同理论范型所具有的复杂性和多面性。

Mass tourism has been developing for over 100years. Studies on tourism have also experienced with different trends of thoughts. In early stages, studies mainly focused on the economic aspect of tourism and agreed with the ideology of development, scale and speed. However, with the development of modernism, these were faced with the gradual accumulation of many fundamental social, environmental and individual contradictions. With the birth of postmodernism, studies on tourism also found an opportunity for renewal. Although the purpose of this transformation was to disclose and solve the dilemma facing modernism, postmodernism and the theories derived from it also revealed their own inner contradictions. In his book Modern Mass Tourism, Julio Aramberri, with these contradictions in mind, reviewed some of the most important postmodernism theories that have critically affected the direction of tourism study and raised questions about the most influential theories in tourism study with a prudent academic attitude. Based on his book, this article discusses the postmodern rethinking and the re-rethinking of post-modernity itself, as well as the concepts of authenticity and falsity; function and liberation; and harmony and power in tourism. It analyzes the two types of representative theories in tourism study based on the criticism towards modernity. The first type regards tourism as a direct tool of modern people who want to break the chains of modernity, such as MacCannell＇ s theory of authenticity, Graburn＇ s theory of ritual, Turner＇ s theory of liminal period, Jafari＇ s tourist model （from emancipation to repatriation）, and Ryan＇ s ＂Shirley Valentine Syndrome＂. The other type perceives tourism as a miniature model of modernity, such as Boorstin＇ s theory of pseudo events, Urry＇ s usage of the concept of gaze to explain unequal power relations between tourists and hosts, Nash＇ s theory of touristic imperialism, and Dann＇ s analysis of touristic language, etc. This article analyses these theories and discusses their potential problems, aiming at an overall examination of the postmodern theories in tourism study. Furthermore, this article discusses the application of linguistics and semiotics, their positions in the research on tourism, the criticism they face, and the attitude that tourism researchers should take towards them. At last, this article elaborates on the multiple interpretations of power in tourism research. The undisguised centrism of Western culture has long existed in modern times. In today＇ s introspection process, the call for the preservation of traditional lifestyles in economically undeveloped destinations is actually another attempt by modem westerners to preserve their ＂backyard garden＂ under the influence of the Western-centric mentality. This article attempts to explain the complexity and versatility of different theoretical paradigms in the research on tourism from modernity to post-modernity, and points out that a same phenomenon can always have multiple meanings and images. Thus, the key point for researchers is not the choice of theory with which they address issues; it is the objectivity of the attitude that they take when observing these actual issues.