市民社会问题的遮蔽与复兴——马克思《黑格尔法哲学批判》的思想史地位

The Screening and Rediscovery of Civil Society Question——from Hegel to Marx's Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right

黑格尔的国家哲学第一次实现了对现代市民社会的思辨考察。但由于过分强调国家意识对市民社会的支配和提升作用,黑格尔的国家学说最终陷入了"精神与现实"分裂的"唯灵论"困境。此后,费尔巴哈虽然揭示了黑格尔哲学的虚幻性,但是黑格尔关心的市民社会问题却被遮蔽了。现代政治哲学只有经过马克思的《黑格尔法哲学批判》才能重新将对市民社会的反思、重建与提升作为自身的主题。马克思的《黑格尔法哲学批判》正是在这个意义上构成了《资本论》的伟大序曲。

In Hegel＇s philosophy of state, there is for the first time speculations on modem civil society. However, due to its over emphasis on the dominance and promotion of national consciousness on civil society, Hegel＇s philosophy of state is entrapped in ＂ spiritualism＂ characterized in the division between spirits and realities. Later, in Feuerbach the illusion of Hegel＇s philosophy is revealed, but the civil society concerned by Hegel is screened. Only in Marx＇s Critique of Hegel＇s Philosophy of Right, the reflections, reconstructions and promotions of civil society are taken as a theme of philosophy again. It is in that sense the book forms a great prelude to his Das Kapital.