从妖祥到贵贱:先秦秦汉相人观念演变探析

From Animals as Symbols of Luck to Noble and Humble Blood:The Change of Pre-Qin Physiognomist's Views

春秋战国之时的相人多以野兽类比人身之相,由其相恶而论其性恶,再由其性恶而论其命凶。汉代相人则直接由相的贵贱论命的贵贱。从吉凶妖祥到吉凶贵贱,是春秋战国到秦汉时期相术观念关键性的转变,这个转变起于春秋末战国初三家分晋、田氏代齐之时,定型于西汉初年。这个观念转变体现的是祖先崇拜到天命崇拜的转变,也是血缘贵贱到命相贵贱的转变。贵贱观念的加入,使相术真正成为专门之学,也确定了相术的基本性质。

The Spring and Autumn and Warring States, physiognomists often used the image of the animals to analogy the human. A person may be judged as evil because he looked evil. Furthermore,he may be concluded to have a bad life since his nature was evil. At Han period, physiognomists judged people according to whether they looked noble or humble. The change of using animals as symbols of luck to judging noble or humble looks is a key change from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period to Qin-Han period. This change started at the early Spring and Autumn and Warring States period when Qin was split into three parts and came into being at the early West Han period. This change of opin- ions is the change of ancestor worshiping and destiny worshiping, which is the change of the value of blood, from noble to humble, and destiny, from noble to humble. The idea of nobly and humble makes physiognomy a discipline and claims its basics.