孙中山国民革命思想的流变

The Evolution of Sun Yat-Sen's Thought of National Revolution

从1906年在《军政府宣言》中提出"国民革命"开始,孙中山的国民革命思想就有两大鲜明的特征:一是与谋一己私利的英雄革命相诀别;二是与三民主义密切结合在一起,为实现三民主义、国福民利而革命。尽管这是孙中山矢志不渝的观念,但其国民观和革命观却随时代而有变化,如在二次革命失败后一度将"国民"界定为"参加革命者",随后又因社会主流思潮厌恶革命而以"护法"相号召。五四运动后,孙中山方回归广大国民的立场,改组中华革命党为中国国民党,呼唤重新革俞。从五四新青年运动中诞生的中国共产党,在认识到社会主义革命条件不成熟后,基于二次革命的理论,倡导国民革命,以适应与国民党合作之需要。孙中山将新的国民革命思想纳入三民主义纲领之下,终成系统的具有目标、步骤、动力及形式的国民革命思想。

In 1906, for the first time, Sun Yat-sen put forward the concept of ＂national revolution＂ in the Declaration of Military Government. There are two distinct features of his thought on national revolution： departure from heroic revolution and close affinity with the Three Principles of the People. Although Sun adhered to the national revolution throughout his life, his ideas about nationalism and revolution were changing with the times. For example, following the failure of the Second Revolution, he defined the ＂people of the nation＂ as ＂those who take part in the revolution＂. Because the mainstream showed a dislike for the revolution, he then shifted to ＂protection of the constitution＂. After the May 4th Movement, Sun embraced the people again. He reformed the Revolutionary Party of China and created the Kuomintang, calling again for the revolution. The newly established Communist Party of China, realizing the immaturity of preparing for a socialist revolution, also advocated the national revolution based on the Second Revolution theory in order to cooperate with the Kuomintang. This time, Sun incorporated the new thought on national revolution in the Three Principles of the People. The system of the thought on national revolution was finally formed.