治水与教化:明清时期德州地区水神信仰的历史考察

Control Water and Social Education:A Historical Investigation of the Water God's Religion in Dezhou Region of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期的德州是典型的运河区域,也是水神信仰较为盛行的地区。在官方"治水"、"保漕"与民间"祈雨"、"自保"的观念和文化传承之中,水神系统逐渐形成和确立。从功能角度看,水神信仰包括两大系统,一是与运河有关的官方河神系统,二是与祈雨有关的民间水神系统。治运、保漕的政治目标和神道设教的文化控制手段是正祀河神大量存在的原因。当地特殊的社会结构、文化传统又使得区域水神信仰呈现出显著的地域特色,崇祀神灵成为地方官员和士绅实施社会教化、维护地方社会秩序的重要手段。两者之间的差异和不同成为运河区域特有的文化现象。

Dezhou is a typical canal region, but also the area water god religion is more prevailing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the official ＂Control water＂, ＂protect water transport＂ and the concept and cultural heritage of ＂pray for rain＂, ＂self-protection＂ from the folk, the water god＇s system gradually formed and established. From the functional point of viewl the water god＇s religion include two system, one with the official river god＇s system related to the canal, and the second is folk water god＇s system related to pray for rain. The political object of the control canal , protect water transport and the cultural control mean of the god and Taoism set to teach are the reason for the existence of a large number of official river god. The local special social structure and cultural traditions also make the regional water god＇s religion show the remarkable regional characteristic. The god＇s worship become an important mean for the local officials and the gentry to carry out social enlightenment and maintain the local social order. The differences between the two become unique cultural phenomenon of the canal region.