明清朝鲜使者眼中的“皇都”形象

Choson Envoys' Views of Capital Images during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明代,朝鲜使臣以"观光上国"为荣,十分向往使行来京,且被皇都北京的繁荣景象以及中华文物所吸引。而到清初,持有尊王攘夷之心的朝鲜使臣对清的反感达到高潮,他们眼里北京也失去了文物之都的面貌。清朝中期,随着清朝与朝鲜关系的稳定,朝鲜使臣目睹康乾盛世以及清皇帝的中华趋向,对北京的看法再度变化。北京逐渐转变为中国世界秩序中心的皇都。不过,这时的皇都形象与明代不同,是"盛世""中华趋向""夷俗"并存的空间,还存在着在"小中华"意识下对中华文明的衡量之处。

This paper examined a Choson envoys, experience of Beijing, the capital of Ming and Qing dynasties and was to explain their views of Beijing and “Xiao zhonghua Mind”. The Choson envoys’ image of Beijing in the Ming dynasty was “ the capital of civilization”. Since the transition period from Ming to Qing dynasty,its image changed from “ the capital of civilization” to “ the capital of barbarian” in the eyes of Choson envoys who viewed the Manchu as the destroyer of “ Chinese civilization” . But along with the gradually stabilized the relationship between Qing and Choson dynasty, the Choson envoys gradually accepted the capital of Qing as the center of Chinese world order, and referred Beijing as the “ emperor capital”. However, it should be noted that unlike the emperor capital of Ming dynasty, “Chinese culture” and “ barbarian culture” coexisted in the capital of Qing dynasty,it was imperfect as the center of Chinese culture in the eyes of Choson envoys.