不同有机肥和氮磷组合对旱地小麦的增产机理研究

The mechanism of different combinations of organic and N,P fertilizers increasing yield of dryland wheat

【目的】有机无机肥配施可为作物提供更全面的养分,改善光合性能而提高产量。为进一步挖掘旱地小麦的增产潜力,2012~2014年,在山西省临汾市丘陵旱地开展了有机肥与氮磷配施对小麦增产效果与机理的研究。【方法】通过田间裂区设计,有机肥为主区,设施羊粪22.5 t/hm^2(M_S)、猪粪22.5 t/hm^2(M_P)、精制有机肥2.25 t/hm^2(M_O);氮磷配施量为副区,设不施氮、磷肥(N_0P_0),N 105 kg/hm^2、P_2O_5 75 kg/hm^2(N_(105)P_(75))、N 150kg/hm^2、P_2O_5 105 kg/hm^2(N_(150)P_(105))。供试小麦品种‘晋麦92号’,生育期测定旗叶SPAD相对值、籽粒灌浆参数、干物质积累和收获期籽粒产量。【结果】有机肥与氮磷配施均使小麦灌浆后期SPAD相对值下降缓慢。单施有机肥时,猪粪使小麦灌浆中期SPAD相对值和平均灌浆速率最高,精制有机肥使灌浆后期SPAD相对值最高,灌浆持续期延长最多,茎叶转移量和穗部积累量最高。有机肥与氮磷配施时,M_SN_(150)P_(105)、M_PN_(105)P_(75)、M_ON_(105)P_(75)有利于提高旗叶后期SPAD相对值,延长灌浆持续期,使干物质积累量增加。有机肥与氮磷配施较单施有机肥成穗数和千粒重提高,产量增加,以M_SN_(150)P_(105)产量最高,其次是M_PN_(105)P_(75),二者间差异不显著。【结论】山西南部丘陵旱地小麦有机肥与适量化肥配施,使成穗数增加,并可以改善光合特性,延长灌浆持续期,增加千粒重实现增产。本研究中,施羊粪22.5 t/hm^2时,配施纯N 150 kg/hm^2、P_2O_5 105 kg/hm^2的增产效果最好,施猪粪22.5 t/hm^2时,配施纯N 105 kg/hm^2、P_2O_5 75 kg/hm^2可实现减施高产。

【Objectives】Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer can provide enough nutrient to crops to increase production. In order to dig into yield potential in dryland wheat, effects of combined application of organic and N, P fertilizers on yield increasing and mechanism of hilly dryland wheat were studied in Linfen City, Shanxi Province from 2012 to 2014. 【Methods】A randomized block design with a split plot experiment was laid out and three kinds of organic fertilizer, 22.5 t/hm2 of pig manure（M_P）, 22.5 t/hm2 of sheep manure（M_S）and 2.25 t/hm2 of refined organic fertilizer（M_O）, were used as the main plot factors. Four N, P fertilizers rates were set as sub plots： N_0P_0, N_（105）P_（75）, N_（150）P_（105）, and CK. The SPAD value of flag leaf, grain-filling characteristics, dry matter accumulation and yield of the Jinmai 92 were tested. 【Results】The SPAD value of organic and N, P fertilizers decreased slowly in the late sage of seed filling. The SPAD value and average rate of the middle stage of filling was the highest in single pig manure. The SPAD value of the late stage of filling, grain filling duration,stem leaf transferring and amount of spike were the highest in single refined organic fertilizer. The SPAD value, grain filling duration, dry matter accumulation were improved in M_SN_（150）P_（105）, M_PN_（105）P_（75） and M_ON_（105）P_（75）. The number of ears, 1000-grain weight and yield of organic and N, P fertilizers were higher than those single organic fertilizer.The yield of M_SN_（150）P_（105） was the highest and had no significant difference with M_PN_（105）P_（75）. 【Conclusion】Organic fertilizer with a suitable amount of chemical fertilizer, increase panicles, and could improve the photosynthetic characteristics, extend the filling duration, increase grain production in hilly dryland of Shanxi, yield increasing effect was the best in 22.5 t/hm2 of sheep manure combining N 150 kg/hm2 and P_2O_5 105 kg/hm2, 22.5 t/hm2 of pig manure combining N 105 kg/hm2 and P_2O_5 75 kg/hm2 could reduce fertilizer application and increase production.