产量与经济效益共赢的高效生态农业模式：以弘毅生态农场为例

High efficiency eco-agriculture model obtain both larger yield and economic benefit: A case study in Hongyi Organic Farm

化学物质的大量投入以及元素不能循环导致农田生态系统退化,耕地质量和产量均呈下降趋势,食物链受到污染.本研究从低产田开始,通过秸秆养牛、腐熟牛粪还田恢复地力;以物理+生物方法控制虫害;以人工+机械管理杂草,停用农药、化肥和除草剂,同时不用地膜、人工合成激素、转基因种子生产优质安全食品,并在线上与线下销售.10年的长期实验结果表明,所在村庄农田生态环境改善,减少农药用量58.3%;物理+生物控虫效果明显,每盏灯年捕获量从2009年的33 kg下降到2014年的2.1 kg,下降93.8%;年消耗秸秆1000 t,秸秆利用率从1.1%提高到62.5%.有机肥还田提高了土壤生物多样性,有机果园蚯蚓数量317条m^(-2),而普通果园只有16条m^(-2);大量有机肥还田(75 t hm^(-2)),土壤有机质从实验初期的0.7%提高到2.4%.粮食产量从最初的11.43 t hm^(-2)提高到目前的17.43 t hm^(-2),其中冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)、夏玉米(Zea mays)、大豆(Glycine max(Linn.)Merr.)和花生(Arachis hypogaea Linn.)产量分别超出山东省平均水平42.6%,60.9%,32.2%和38.1%.由于质量好,产品已销售往除西藏以外的30个省、市、自治区,经济效益明显,平均每公顷效益是普通农田的3~5倍,带动所在村庄67户农民从事高效生态农业.本研究可为国家制定生态农业发展规划、精准扶贫、农村环境保护等提供科学依据.

Due to the input of a large number of chemical substances and the termination of elements cycling, the farmland ecosystem has been seriously degraded, with the quality of farmland and yield being decreased. High efficiency eco-agriculture has been believed to be capable of curtailing some hazardous effects associated with chemical agriculture. However, debates also exist on whether eco-agriculture can feed a world with increasing human population. We hypothesized that some improvements on high efficiency eco-agriculture may produce adequate foods and reduce environmental pollutions from chemical agriculture. This study began with feeding cattle by bio-processed corn straw, restoring the soil fertility by manure returning in Hongyi Organic Farm 2 hm^-2 low yield cropland. We applied physical＋biological methods for pest control; artificial＋mechanical for weed management, thus to put an end to pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides pollution. Meanwhile, without using plastic films, synthetic hormones, genetically modified seeds, we guaranteed the food quality and safety, and soled the products online and offline. The results of the 10 years experiment are as follows： The weight of pests captured by insect-trapping lamp reduced from 33 to 2.1 kg, reducing the amount of pesticide by 93.8%. The annual consumption of straw by cattle reached to 1000 t per year, increasing straw utilization rate from 1.1% to 62.5%. Organic fertilizer has be tested to improve soil biodiversity, for instance, the number of earthworms in organic orchard was 317 earthworms m^-2, while only 16 earthworms m^-2 in ordinary orchard. The soil organic matters in 0–20 cm depth layer increased from 0.7% to 2.4%, thank to great amount of cattle manure being applied（75 t hm^-2）. The grain production also increased greatly from the initial 11.43 t hm^-2 to 17.43 t hm^-2. The wheat, corn, soybean and peanut yield were 42.6%, 60.9%, 32.2% and 38.1% higher than ordinary farmland around. Due to the excellent quality of products, our products have been sold to 30 provinces except Tibet of China, with the average benefit per hectare being 3–5 times of ordinary farmland. Some 67 local households have been engaged in the high efficient eco-farming industry. Now the products extended to the ginger, garlic, onion and other vegetables; pork, beef and poultry eggs, apple and other fruits, peanut oil, soybean oil and processing products, walnut cake, dried apples, dumplings, etc. The regular consumers of Hongyi Organic Farm has increased to 1672 people and increased at a speed of 100–150 people a month. This high efficiency eco-agriculture in paper has been used by entrepreneurs, farmers, soldiers in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong and other provinces, the farmland area was about 9667 hm^-2. This study provides a scientific basis for the national eco-agricultural development designing, poverty alleviation and rural environmental protection.