中国物理教育从无到有并达到国际水平的历程

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICS EDUCATION IN CHINA STARTING FROM SCRATCH TO INTERNATIOAL LEVEL

本文分为上、中、下3篇。上篇叙述了前清时期从洋务运动、甲午战争、戊戌维新、义和团拳匪之乱、庚子之变、废科举,直到普遍建立新式学堂的历史过程。此阶段我国的物理教育处在萌芽状态。中篇叙述了从辛亥革命到抗战爆发前民国时期中国物理教育发展的历史过程。在此期间一批优秀的大学建立起来,物理教育初具规模,且有很大的发展。大批毕业生出国留学,归来后成为我国物理学界的领军人物。一批物理学家献身于科学救国、实业救国事业,做出很大的努力,甚至牺牲。下篇叙述了抗日战争和战后复员时期的中国物理教育发展。多难兴邦,抗战时期条件极端困苦,却激发出西南联大这朵教育史上的奇葩。中国近代教育,从教育理念到办学体制,从课程设置到图书仪器制备,都是从西方引进的。高层次人才的培养完全靠到西方国家留学。截止到20世纪40年代末,一批本土培养的高水平科学家出土了。

This article is divided into three chapters. The first chapter describes the historical process in the Qing Dynasty from the Westernization Movement, through the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, the Constitutional Reform in 1898, the Boxers Riot and the Incident in 1900, the abolishment of Imperial Examinations, to the establishment of new schools. At this stage physics education in China was in the bud. The middle chapter is devoted to the historical development of physics education from the Revolution of 1911 to the Republic of China before the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japan. During that time, a group of outstanding universities were established. Physics education began to take shape and had great development. A large number of graduates went abroad to study and became leaders in the physic community of China after they came back. A group of physicists devote themselves to the career of nation rescue by science and industry. They made great efforts and even sacrificed. The last chapter concludes the article with the description of physics education during the War against Japan and in the period of demobilization after the war. Much distress regenerates the nation. The extreme hardship during the war inspired National Southwest Associated University, which was a wonder in the history of education. From the philosophy to the institutional system of education, from the curriculum to the pedagogical materials and experimental instruments, modern education of China was basically borrowed from the West. By the end of 1940s a group of home-grown scientists of high level appeared.